La SO2 rappresenta uno strumento fondamentale nel campo dell’enologia, grazie alle sue molteplici proprietà di antiossidante, antiossidasico e soprattutto come antisettico. Con lo scopo di ridurre le dosi di SO2 utilizzate in vinificazione, anche nel campo dell’enologia si sta diffondendo la pratica del biocontrollo, ovvero l’utilizzo di microrganismi in grado di controllare le popolazioni di microrganismi alteranti. In questo ambito si inseriscono alcuni studi, tra cui anche questa tesi, focalizzata sull’efficienza dei lieviti Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Aerobasidium pullulans e Pichia Kluyveri come agenti di biocontrollo nei confronti dei lieviti apiculati. Lo studio è stato effettuato su campioni di uva Nebbiolo in post- raccolta sui quali è stato dapprima spruzzato il lievito apiculato Hanseniaspora uvarum Y1 e successivamente sono stati inoculati i lieviti P. kluyveri FrootZen, M. pulcherrima MACH1 e A. pullulans AP2. In questo modo è stata valutata la loro azione nelle fasi prefermentative e poi durante la fermentazione alcolica. Inoltre, attraverso l’allestimento di due fermentazioni, una spontanea e una inoculata con un ceppo di Saccharomyces cerevisiae EC 1118, 48 ore dopo la pigiatura delle uve, è stato possibile esaminare la loro capacità come lieviti starter. Dai risultati ottenuti è possibile osservare che già prima della fermentazione nei campioni trattati con M. pulcherrima, A. pullulans e Pichia kluyveri la popolazione di H. uvarum è inferiore rispetto a quella presente nella prova inoculata solo con lieviti apiculati e nella prova trattata con acqua. Nelle fasi successive è stato effettuato un trattamento con l’aggiunta di SO2 sulle inoculate solo con i lieviti apiculati ed è stata confrontata la popolazione presente in questi campioni con quella presente nelle prove trattate con acqua e nelle prove inoculate con lieviti non- Saccharomyces. I risultati hanno dimostrato che durante la fermentazione solo P. kluyveri e A. pullulans hanno portato ad una riduzione della popolazione dei lieviti apiculati rispetto al campione di controllo chimico trattato con SO2. Non sono infatti state evidenziate differenze significative di popolazione rispetto alle prove di controllo nei campioni trattati con M. pulcherrima, nel quale il lievito persiste fino al giorno 7 di fermentazione. Anche nelle prove trattate con acqua, il lievito apiculato persiste nel mosto fino al giorno 7 ed è stata riscontrata una maggiore popolazione di H. uvarum rispetto a quella individuata nelle prove trattate con SO2. Infine, è stato valutato il loro impatto sulla qualità del prodotto finito ed è stato dimostrato che l’intervento di lieviti non- Saccharomyces durante la fermentazione può influenzare positivamente la componente aromatica e chimica del vino. Infatti, i vini ottenuti da uve inoculate con P. kluyveri e A. pullulans presentano un minor quantitativo di acido acetico. Inoltre, l’inoculo di P. kluyveri ha portato alla produzione di vini con una maggiore concentrazione di 2-feniletil acetato, un importante estere, mentre, nei vini prodotti con l’inoculo di P. kluyveri e A. pullulans sulle uve, la concentrazione di alcuni terpeni, come il geraniolo, è maggiore.
SO2 represents a fundamental tool in the field of oenology, thanks to its multiple properties of antioxidant, antioxidase and especially as an antiseptic. In order to reduce the doses of SO2 used in winemaking, the practice of biocontrol, that is the use of microorganisms able to control the populations of altering microorganisms, is also spreading in the field of oenology. Some studies are included in this context, including this thesis, focused on the efficiency of yeasts Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Aerobasidium pullulans and Pichia Kluyveri as biocontrol agents against apiculate yeasts. The study was carried out on samples of post-harvest Nebbiolo grapes on which the non-Saccharomyces yeast Hanseniaspora uvarum Y1 was first sprayed and subsequently the yeasts P. kluyveri FrootZen, M. pulcherrima MACH1 and A. pullulans AP2 were inoculated. In this way their action was evaluated in the prefermentative phases and then during alcoholic fermentation. Moreover, through the preparation of two fermentations, one spontaneous and one inoculated with a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae EC 1118 48 hours after the crushing of the grapes, it was possible to examine their capacity as starter yeasts. From the results obtained it is possible to observe that already before fermentation in samples treated with M. pulcherrima, A. pullulans and Pichia kluyveri the population of H. uvarum is lower than in the test inoculated only with apiculate yeasts and in the water-treated control test. In the subsequent phases, SO2 treatment was carried out on the tests inoculated only with apiculate yeasts and the population present in these samples was compared with that present in the water-treated tests and in the tests inoculated with non- fermented yeasts Saccharomyces. The results showed that during the fermentation only P. kluyveri and A. pullulans led to a reduction in the population of apiculated yeasts compared to the chemical control sample treated with SO2. In fact, there were no significant differences in population compared to the control tests in the samples treated with M. pulcherrima, in which the yeast persists until day 7 of fermentation. Also, in water-treated trials, apiculate yeast persists in the must until day 7 and a higher H. uvarum population was found than in SO2-treated trials. Finally, their impact on the quality of the finished product has been evaluated and it has been demonstrated that the intervention of non- Saccharomyces yeasts during fermentation can positively influence the aromatic and chemical component of wine. In fact, wines obtained from grapes inoculated with P. kluyveri and A. pullulans have a lower quantity of acetic acid. Moreover, the inoculum of P. kluyveri led to the production of wines with a higher concentration of 2-phenylethyl acetate, an important ester, whereas, in wines produced with the inoculum of P. kluyveri and A. pullulans on grapes, the concentration of some terpenes, as the geraniol is greater.
Bioprotezione in post raccolta e durante la fermentazione tramite microrganismi selezionati
d'Antuoni, ERMELINDA MARIA
2021/2022
Abstract
SO2 represents a fundamental tool in the field of oenology, thanks to its multiple properties of antioxidant, antioxidase and especially as an antiseptic. In order to reduce the doses of SO2 used in winemaking, the practice of biocontrol, that is the use of microorganisms able to control the populations of altering microorganisms, is also spreading in the field of oenology. Some studies are included in this context, including this thesis, focused on the efficiency of yeasts Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Aerobasidium pullulans and Pichia Kluyveri as biocontrol agents against apiculate yeasts. The study was carried out on samples of post-harvest Nebbiolo grapes on which the non-Saccharomyces yeast Hanseniaspora uvarum Y1 was first sprayed and subsequently the yeasts P. kluyveri FrootZen, M. pulcherrima MACH1 and A. pullulans AP2 were inoculated. In this way their action was evaluated in the prefermentative phases and then during alcoholic fermentation. Moreover, through the preparation of two fermentations, one spontaneous and one inoculated with a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae EC 1118 48 hours after the crushing of the grapes, it was possible to examine their capacity as starter yeasts. From the results obtained it is possible to observe that already before fermentation in samples treated with M. pulcherrima, A. pullulans and Pichia kluyveri the population of H. uvarum is lower than in the test inoculated only with apiculate yeasts and in the water-treated control test. In the subsequent phases, SO2 treatment was carried out on the tests inoculated only with apiculate yeasts and the population present in these samples was compared with that present in the water-treated tests and in the tests inoculated with non- fermented yeasts Saccharomyces. The results showed that during the fermentation only P. kluyveri and A. pullulans led to a reduction in the population of apiculated yeasts compared to the chemical control sample treated with SO2. In fact, there were no significant differences in population compared to the control tests in the samples treated with M. pulcherrima, in which the yeast persists until day 7 of fermentation. Also, in water-treated trials, apiculate yeast persists in the must until day 7 and a higher H. uvarum population was found than in SO2-treated trials. Finally, their impact on the quality of the finished product has been evaluated and it has been demonstrated that the intervention of non- Saccharomyces yeasts during fermentation can positively influence the aromatic and chemical component of wine. In fact, wines obtained from grapes inoculated with P. kluyveri and A. pullulans have a lower quantity of acetic acid. Moreover, the inoculum of P. kluyveri led to the production of wines with a higher concentration of 2-phenylethyl acetate, an important ester, whereas, in wines produced with the inoculum of P. kluyveri and A. pullulans on grapes, the concentration of some terpenes, as the geraniol is greater.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14240/85261