In tutto il mondo, la pandemia di COVID-19 è costata molto in termini di mortalità, morbilità e disabilità a lungo termine. Il personale sanitario (HCWs) è stato gravemente colpito durante prima e seconda ondata, compromettendo ulteriormente la capacità assistenziale dei sistemi sanitari. In Italia, l’incidenza di personale infettato è stata la più alta d’Europa, con un dato nazionale tra il 10.9 e il 20%. Infermieri e OSS si sono ammalati di più. Il tasso di mortalità è stato più basso rispetto alla popolazione generale; coloro che sono morti erano principalmente maschi, neri e con più di 50 anni. Dato il ruolo cruciale svolto HCWs nel contrasto alla pandemia, sono stati i primi ad essere coinvolti quando la campagna vaccinale è iniziata. Lo scopo di questo studio è quindi di identificare i fattori predittivi di infezione e reinfezione da COVID-19 tra HCWs, sulla base del titolo anticorpale sviluppato in seguito alla vaccinazione. Gli anticorpi anti-S sono stati misurati tra maggio e ottobre 2021. Il campione comprende 2447 HCWs, operanti in 4 ospedali di Torino. Per tutti i partecipanti abbiamo raccolto dati su: precedenti infezioni da SARS-CoV-2 e sintomi; sintomi presenti 6 mesi dopo la malattia; comorbidità; farmaci assunti; dato sierologico. Dei 2447 HCWs 75.8% sono donne, mentre il 24.2% uomini. L’età media è di 46.74 anni (DS 10.82), quindi sono più giovani della popolazione italiana; la prevalenza di comorbidità è più bassa. Il 33.1% di HCWs ha avuto almeno un episodio di COVID-19: nel 18.3% dei casi l’infezione è stata asintomatica, mentre il 5.3% è stato ricoverato – di cui lo 0.6% in terapia intensiva. Il 14.5% di loro dopo 6 mesi aveva ancora sintomi, come dispnea e astenia. Abbiamo osservato che il sesso maschile rappresenta un fattore di rischio per le infezioni con sintomi, mentre il sesso femminile è invece un rischio per la sindrome da post-COVID (PCS). Le condizioni di salute non correlano con il rischio di contrarre l’infezione di per sé, o con il titolo anticorpale. La campagna vaccinale ha avuto un’aderenza del 99.7%: per il ciclo primario tutti sono stati vaccinati con BNT162b; per la dose booster, il 63.1% si è vaccinato con BNT162b e il 35.1% con mRNA-1273. La sierologia è stata eseguita in media 153.47 giorni dopo la prima dose. Il titolo in media era di 818.95 BAU/mL (DS 1240.42). Utilizzando la curva ROC per valutare i livelli anticorpali associati a una seconda infezione, abbiamo individuato il valore di 1165 BAU/mL, con una sensibilità dell’82% e una specificità del 67%. I nostri risultati sono in linea con la letteratura, suggerendo un alto rischio di infezione per HCWs e individuando il sesso come fattore di rischio per l’infezione e per PCS. Abbiamo confermato che gli anticorpi anti-S non possono essere usati per selezionare pazienti protetti, mentre, inaspettatamente, abbiamo osservato che i partecipanti che hanno avuto un secondo episodio infettivo con sintomi avevano anche titoli anticorpali più alti. Ci saremmo invece aspettati in queste persone la protezione dalle reinfezioni sintomatiche fosse maggiore. Purtroppo, non abbiamo misurato i titoli neutralizzanti o la risposta delle cellule T: entrambi i test avrebbero potuto aiutarci a capire di più sull’efficacia vaccinale. Questa osservazione può essere spiegata da una suscettibilità maggiore del sistema immunitario allo stimolo antigenico: ci sono studi che suggeriscono che una risposta immunitaria iperattiva sia legata a COVID-19 severo e a PCS
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to catastrophic costs in terms of mortality, morbidity and long-term disability worldwide. Healthcare workers (HCWs) have been greatly affected in the first and second wave, further compromising the assistance capacity of health systems. In Italy, the incidence of infected HCWs was the highest in Europe, with a national rate ranging from 10.9% to 20%. Nurses and assistant nurses got sick most frequently. The mortality rate yet was lower compared to general population; HCWs who died were mainly males, Black and older than 50. Given the crucial role HCWs had played in thwarting the pandemic, when the vaccination campaign started they were the first to get involved. The aim of this study is therefore to identify predictors of COVID-19 infections and reinfections among HCWs, on the basis of the antibody titer that was developed after vaccination. SARS-CoV-2 trimeric anti-S antibodies were measured from May to October 2021. The sample consists of 2447 HCWs, operating in 4 hospitals, all located in Turin. For all participants, we searched for: previous SARS-CoV-2 infections and associated symptoms; any symptoms present after 6 months; comorbidities; comedications; serological data. Of the 2447 HCWs, 75.8% (1854) are females, while 24.2% (593) are males. The average age is 46.74 years (SD 10.82), so they are younger than the general Italian population; the prevalence of comorbidities is also lower. 33.1% of HCWs had at least one episode of COVID-19: 18.3% have experienced a completely asymptomatic infection, while 5.3% have needed hospitalization – out of which 0.6% have been admitted in the ICU. 14.5% of subjects still experience symptoms 6 months after the recovery, such as dyspnoea and asthenia. We observed that male sex represented a risk factor for symptomatic infection, whilst female sex was instead a risk factor for long-COVID. Health conditions does not relate neither to the risk per se of contracting the infection or the antibody titer. The vaccination campaign had an adherence of 99.7%: for the primary cycle, BNT162b vaccine was administered to all of them; for the booster dose, 63.1% were vaccinated with BNT162b and 35.1% with mRNA-1273. Serology was performed on average 153.47 days after the vaccine first dose. Average titer was 818.95 (SD 1240.42) BAU/mL. After applying a ROC curve for titer levels associated to a second infection we identified the value of 1165 BAU/mL with a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 67%. Our results are in line with what has already been reported in literature suggesting a high infection risk for HCWs and identifying sex, among others, as a risk factor for infection and post-COVID syndrome (PCS). We confirmed that anti-S titers cannot be used per se for selecting protected patients while, unexpectedly, we observed that participants who experienced a second infectious episode with symptoms had higher anti-S titers. We would have expected instead that the higher the antibody titer, the higher the protection from symptomatic reinfections. Unfortunately we did not measure neutralizing titers nor T cell response and both tests could have been useful for understanding vaccine effectiveness in HCWs. This observation may potentially be explained by the greater susceptibility of the immune system to the antigenic stimulus: there are studies suggesting that an overactive immune response is linked to severe COVID-19 and the development of PCS.
ANALISI DEI FATTORI PREDITTIVI ASSOCIATI A INFEZIONE E REINFEZIONE DA SARS-CoV-2 NEGLI OPERATORI SANITARI
VITALI, MARTA
2021/2022
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to catastrophic costs in terms of mortality, morbidity and long-term disability worldwide. Healthcare workers (HCWs) have been greatly affected in the first and second wave, further compromising the assistance capacity of health systems. In Italy, the incidence of infected HCWs was the highest in Europe, with a national rate ranging from 10.9% to 20%. Nurses and assistant nurses got sick most frequently. The mortality rate yet was lower compared to general population; HCWs who died were mainly males, Black and older than 50. Given the crucial role HCWs had played in thwarting the pandemic, when the vaccination campaign started they were the first to get involved. The aim of this study is therefore to identify predictors of COVID-19 infections and reinfections among HCWs, on the basis of the antibody titer that was developed after vaccination. SARS-CoV-2 trimeric anti-S antibodies were measured from May to October 2021. The sample consists of 2447 HCWs, operating in 4 hospitals, all located in Turin. For all participants, we searched for: previous SARS-CoV-2 infections and associated symptoms; any symptoms present after 6 months; comorbidities; comedications; serological data. Of the 2447 HCWs, 75.8% (1854) are females, while 24.2% (593) are males. The average age is 46.74 years (SD 10.82), so they are younger than the general Italian population; the prevalence of comorbidities is also lower. 33.1% of HCWs had at least one episode of COVID-19: 18.3% have experienced a completely asymptomatic infection, while 5.3% have needed hospitalization – out of which 0.6% have been admitted in the ICU. 14.5% of subjects still experience symptoms 6 months after the recovery, such as dyspnoea and asthenia. We observed that male sex represented a risk factor for symptomatic infection, whilst female sex was instead a risk factor for long-COVID. Health conditions does not relate neither to the risk per se of contracting the infection or the antibody titer. The vaccination campaign had an adherence of 99.7%: for the primary cycle, BNT162b vaccine was administered to all of them; for the booster dose, 63.1% were vaccinated with BNT162b and 35.1% with mRNA-1273. Serology was performed on average 153.47 days after the vaccine first dose. Average titer was 818.95 (SD 1240.42) BAU/mL. After applying a ROC curve for titer levels associated to a second infection we identified the value of 1165 BAU/mL with a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 67%. Our results are in line with what has already been reported in literature suggesting a high infection risk for HCWs and identifying sex, among others, as a risk factor for infection and post-COVID syndrome (PCS). We confirmed that anti-S titers cannot be used per se for selecting protected patients while, unexpectedly, we observed that participants who experienced a second infectious episode with symptoms had higher anti-S titers. We would have expected instead that the higher the antibody titer, the higher the protection from symptomatic reinfections. Unfortunately we did not measure neutralizing titers nor T cell response and both tests could have been useful for understanding vaccine effectiveness in HCWs. This observation may potentially be explained by the greater susceptibility of the immune system to the antigenic stimulus: there are studies suggesting that an overactive immune response is linked to severe COVID-19 and the development of PCS.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
850473_tesidefinitiva.pdf
non disponibili
Tipologia:
Altro materiale allegato
Dimensione
3 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
3 MB | Adobe PDF |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14240/83766