Il profilo dei volatili del formaggio Grana Padano (GP) a Denominazione di Origine Protetta (DOP) è stato oggetto di approfondite indagini. Nel presente studio sono stati studiati i composti organici volatili (VOC) di due formaggi di tipo GP ottenuti utilizzando caglio diverso. Da un lato è stata effettuata una produzione con caglio animale, secondo il Regolamento DOP GP, mentre è stata realizzata una produzione parallela con caglio vegetale. Quest'ultimo è stato ottenuto da estratti vegetali di Cynara cardunculus L., che rappresenta un coagulante lattiero-caseario alternativo vegetale, che risponde alla crescente domanda globale dei consumatori. Il latte crudo raccolto nelle due stagioni (inverno ed estate) è stato utilizzato per ottenere rispettivamente due produzioni. Pertanto è stato valutato l'effetto del caglio animale rispetto a quello vegetale durante l'intero periodo di stagionatura (9 mesi) monitorando ogni 2 mesi i VOC sia sul cuore che sul sottocrosta dei prodotti caseari. I VOC sono stati analizzati mediante tecnica di microestrazione in fase solida e analizzati mediante gascromatografia/spettrometria di massa (SPME-GC-MS). Sono stati osservati un totale di 26 diversi metaboliti volatili, composti in 7 chetoni, 6 acidi, 5 alcoli, 3 idrocarburi, 3 esteri e 2 aldeidi. Sulla base dei risultati, è stato osservato che i formaggi di tipo a caglio animale, prodotti nella stagione estiva, presentavano un contenuto di VOC più elevato rispetto a quelli ottenuti con caglio vegetale. Le classi più rappresentative lungo il periodo di maturazione erano gli acidi seguiti da chetoni, idrocarburi e alcoli. La minore presenza della classe degli acidi carbossilici evidenzia che il caglio vegetale riduce l'attività sia lipolitica che microbiologica. L'attività lipolitica, caratterizzata dalla presenza di acido butanoico, pentanoico, esanoico e ottanoico, sembra invece essere meno sviluppata quando si utilizzava caglio vegetale. Quando è stato testato il caglio vegetale, i VOC erano significativamente più alti nei campioni di crosta maturati per 7 mesi e 9 mesi con produzione invernale ed estiva, rispettivamente. Inoltre, sulle carote la maggiore quantità di VOC è stata raggiunta con caglio animale a 3 mesi di stagionatura. Il contenuto di acido acetico era significativamente più alto nei campioni della stagione invernale e più sviluppato quando veniva utilizzato il caglio animale. L'acido propionico ha mostrato differenze significative solo nella produzione della stagione estiva, poiché il suo contenuto era significativamente più elevato nel cuore maturato per 9 mesi quando è stato utilizzato caglio animale. Il contenuto di aldeidi come 2-metil-butanal e 3-metil-butanal, dovuto principalmente al metabolismo della proteolisi, è risultato inferiore sia per le stagioni che per i tipi GP rispetto ad altri metaboliti volatili. Tuttavia, il 3-Metil-butanale è risultato significativamente più elevato nei campioni di caglio vegetale, in particolare in crosta ed è stato riscontrato il contenuto più elevato nei campioni stagionati per 5 mesi, per entrambe le produzioni (inverno ed estate). Si può rilevare che sono state osservate differenze significative sul contenuto di entrambe le aldeidi dovute al tipo di caglio; in particolare, utilizzando latte raccolto nella stagione estiva il 2-metil-butanale era più rilevante a 9 mesi di stagionatura su carotaggi di caglio vegetale. In conclusione, il tipo di caglio (animale vs vegetale) ha avuto un impatto significativo sul processo di stagionatura dei formaggi di tipo Grana Padano. L'effetto principale è stato osservato con il latte crudo raccolto durante la stagione estiva; il caglio vegetale ha sviluppato più rapidamente i VOC attribuiti principalmente all'attività di proteolisi e lipolisi suggerendo che è necessario un periodo di stagionatura ridotto (circa 7 mesi) quando si utilizza un caglio vegetale per la formazione della cagliata del formaggio.
The volatile profile of Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) Grana Padano (GP) cheese has been in deep investigated. In the present study, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of two GP type cheeses obtained using different rennet were investigated. On the one side, a production was carried out using animal rennet, according the PDO GP Regulation, while a parallel production with vegetable rennet was achieved. The latter was obtained from plant extracts of Cynara cardunculus L., that represents a vegetable alternative dairy coagulant, responding to the increasing global demand of consumers. The raw milk collected in two seasons (winter and summer) was used to obtain two productions, respectively. Hence the effect of animal vs vegetable rennet was evaluated during the whole ripening period (9 months) monitoring every 2 months the VOCs on both core and under crust of cheese products. The VOCs were analysed by solid phase micro-extraction technique and analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME–GC–MS). A total of 26 different volatile metabolites were observed, composed in 7 ketones, 6 acids, 5 alcohols, 3 hydrocarbons, 3 esters and 2 aldehydes. Based on the results, it was observed that animal rennet type cheese, produced in summer season, presented higher content of VOCs than those obtained by vegetable rennet. The greatest representative classes along the ripening period were acids followed by ketones, hydrocarbons and alcohols. The less presence of carboxylic acids class highlights that vegetable rennet reduced both lipolytic and microbiological activity. On the other hand, the lipolytic activity, characterized by presence of butanoic, pentanoic, hexanoic and octanoic acids seems to be less developed when vegetable rennet was used. When vegetable rennet was tested, the VOCs were significantly higher in crust samples ripened for 7 months and 9 months with winter and summer production, respectively. Moreover, on the core samples the highest amount of VOCs was reached with animal rennet at 3 months of repining period. The acetic acid content was significantly higher in winter season samples and more developed when animal rennet was used. The propionic acid showed significant differences only in summer season production, since its content was significantly higher in the core samples ripened for 9 months when animal rennet was used. The content of aldehydes such as 2-methyl-butanal and 3-methyl-butanal, mainly due to proteolysis metabolism, resulted lower for both seasons and GP types with respect to others volatile metabolites. However, the 3-Methyl-butanal was significantly higher in vegetable rennet samples, in particular in crust and the highest content in samples ripened for 5 months, for both productions (winter and summer), was found. It might be pointed out, that significant differences on the content of both aldehydes due to the rennet type were observed; in particular, using milk collected in summer season the 2-methyl-butanal was more relevant at 9 months of ripening period on vegetable rennet core samples. In conclusion, the type of rennet (animal vs vegetable) significantly impacted the ripening process of Grana Padano type cheeses. The main effect was observed with raw milk collected during summer season; the vegetable rennet faster developed the VOCs mainly ascribed to proteolysis and lipolysis activity suggesting that a reduced ripening period (about 7 months) is required when a vegetable rennet is used for curd formation of cheese.
Effetti del caglio animale vs caglio vegetale (Cynara cardunculus L.) sui composti volatili organici (VOCs) di formaggi tipo Grana Padano
DATA, FEDERICO
2020/2021
Abstract
The volatile profile of Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) Grana Padano (GP) cheese has been in deep investigated. In the present study, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of two GP type cheeses obtained using different rennet were investigated. On the one side, a production was carried out using animal rennet, according the PDO GP Regulation, while a parallel production with vegetable rennet was achieved. The latter was obtained from plant extracts of Cynara cardunculus L., that represents a vegetable alternative dairy coagulant, responding to the increasing global demand of consumers. The raw milk collected in two seasons (winter and summer) was used to obtain two productions, respectively. Hence the effect of animal vs vegetable rennet was evaluated during the whole ripening period (9 months) monitoring every 2 months the VOCs on both core and under crust of cheese products. The VOCs were analysed by solid phase micro-extraction technique and analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME–GC–MS). A total of 26 different volatile metabolites were observed, composed in 7 ketones, 6 acids, 5 alcohols, 3 hydrocarbons, 3 esters and 2 aldehydes. Based on the results, it was observed that animal rennet type cheese, produced in summer season, presented higher content of VOCs than those obtained by vegetable rennet. The greatest representative classes along the ripening period were acids followed by ketones, hydrocarbons and alcohols. The less presence of carboxylic acids class highlights that vegetable rennet reduced both lipolytic and microbiological activity. On the other hand, the lipolytic activity, characterized by presence of butanoic, pentanoic, hexanoic and octanoic acids seems to be less developed when vegetable rennet was used. When vegetable rennet was tested, the VOCs were significantly higher in crust samples ripened for 7 months and 9 months with winter and summer production, respectively. Moreover, on the core samples the highest amount of VOCs was reached with animal rennet at 3 months of repining period. The acetic acid content was significantly higher in winter season samples and more developed when animal rennet was used. The propionic acid showed significant differences only in summer season production, since its content was significantly higher in the core samples ripened for 9 months when animal rennet was used. The content of aldehydes such as 2-methyl-butanal and 3-methyl-butanal, mainly due to proteolysis metabolism, resulted lower for both seasons and GP types with respect to others volatile metabolites. However, the 3-Methyl-butanal was significantly higher in vegetable rennet samples, in particular in crust and the highest content in samples ripened for 5 months, for both productions (winter and summer), was found. It might be pointed out, that significant differences on the content of both aldehydes due to the rennet type were observed; in particular, using milk collected in summer season the 2-methyl-butanal was more relevant at 9 months of ripening period on vegetable rennet core samples. In conclusion, the type of rennet (animal vs vegetable) significantly impacted the ripening process of Grana Padano type cheeses. The main effect was observed with raw milk collected during summer season; the vegetable rennet faster developed the VOCs mainly ascribed to proteolysis and lipolysis activity suggesting that a reduced ripening period (about 7 months) is required when a vegetable rennet is used for curd formation of cheese. File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14240/83070