Gli obiettivi di questo studio sono due: (A) clonare, esprimere e purificare la proteina umana 17β-idrossi-steroide deidrogenasi di tipo 7 (HSD17B7), (B) descrivere la struttura cristallina della proteina CYP450 isolata dallo Streptomyces antibioticus e coinvolta nella via metabolica delle Actinomicine. (A) HSD17B7 è l'enzima diventato famoso per essere stato l'ultimo scoperto della via metabolica postsqulenica della biosintesi del colesterolo nei mammiferi [1]. La sua attività in questa via è catalizzare la riduzione dello zimosterone in zimosterolo. Originariamente l'enzima era conosciuto per la sua attività 17β ¿ossidoreduttasica sugli ormoni steroidei estrogeni e androgeni, attraverso la quale viene controlla la loro sintesi e la loro attività biologica [2]. L'oggetto di questo studio è il clonaggio del gene che codifica la proteina umana 17 HSD di tipo 7 (HSD17B7) e la sua espressione sia in Escherichia coli (E. coli) sia nelle cellule d'insetto. La proteina è stata purificata dalle cellule di E. coli applicando il metodo di Refolding dei corpi inclusi e utilizzando la cromatografia a esclusione molecolare. La resa della purificazione è bassa ed è necessario ottimizzare le condizioni di Refolding per testare l'attività catalitica della proteina. (B) Le Actinomicine sono una classe di chemioterapici antitumorali la cui struttura molecolare è formata da una componente cromatica alla quale sono legati due lattoni pentapeptidici. Il più importante farmaco appartenente a questa classe è la Dactinomicina, o Actinomicina D (IV) in quanto il suo utilizzo nella terapia tumorale è consolidato da anni. Considerando il lattone pentapeptidico che compone la loro struttura, le Actinomicine sintetizzate dallo Streptomyces antibioticus possono contenere una 4-idrossiprolina o una 4-ossoprolina in alternativa all'amminoacido prolina. Recenti studi hanno dimostrato che la loro sintesi avviene attraverso idrossilazione/chetonizzazione della prolina componente l'anello peptidico della semi-molecola Actinomicina D (IV) [3]. Entrambe le ossidazioni sono catalizzate dall'enzima CYP450. In questa tesi viene descritta la struttura cristallina dell'enzima CYP450 in assenza del substrato. La proteina è stata espressa in cellule di E. coli e purificata attraverso metodi cromatografici a resina Ni-NTA e ad esclusione molecolare. Servendosi del metodo ¿Sitting drop vapour-diffusion¿ sono stati prodotti cristalli che diffrangono alla lunghezza d'onda di 1.5 Å. La struttura è stata risolta attraverso la sostituzione molecolare e il modello è completo eccetto per i primi 22 amminoacidi del dominio N terminale e gli ultimi 22 amminoacidi del dominio C terminale.
This study has two major purposes: (1) to clone, express and purify the human 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 7 (HSD17B7), (2) to describe the crystal structure of CYP450 isolated from Streptomyces antibioticus and involved in Actinomycins metabolic pathway. (1) HSD17B7 is worldwide known as the enzyme which ¿closed the gap¿ in the postsqualene cholesterol biosynthesis, that means it participates in this central pathway as 3-ketosteroid reductase by reducing zymosterone to zymosterol. Before being identified as participant of the cholesterol biosynthesis, HSD17B7 was originally known as a member of the protein family of short-chain dehydrogenases/reductase: 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17HSDs) which signifies it additionally has a central function in controlling the synthesis and biological activity of sex steroid hormones. In this study, the cDNA of human 17 HSD type 7 was cloned and expressed both in Escherichia coli and insect cells. Then purification of HSD17B7 from E.coli was performed and achieved via refolding of bacterial inclusion bodies method. (2) Actinomycins are a class of antitumor antibiotics whose structure consists of bicyclic chromopentapeptide lactones. Dactinomycins, or Actinomycin D (IV), is the most denoting member of this group since it has been used as anticancer drug for many years. Focusing on the pentapeptide lactone ring they are made of, actinomycins synthetized by Streptomyces antibioticus can include a 4-hydroxyproline or a 4-oxoproline residue instead of a proline. Recent advances in understanding this synthesis formations showed they take place by hydroxylation/ketonization in two consecutive oxidations both catalyzed by the enzyme Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) using half (pentapeptidelactone D) of Actinomycin D (IV) as substrate. Here we describe the crystal structure of CYP450 in the substrate-free form. Recombinantly produced CYP450 yielded crystals that diffracted to 1.5 Å. The structure was solved via molecular replacement and the model is complete except for the first 22 N-terminal amino acids and the last 22 amino acids of the C-terminus.
Clonaggio, espressione e purificazione della proteina umana HSD17B7 e studio biostrutturale della monoossigenasi CYP450 da Streptomyces antibioticus
LOMBARDO, ELISA
2014/2015
Abstract
This study has two major purposes: (1) to clone, express and purify the human 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 7 (HSD17B7), (2) to describe the crystal structure of CYP450 isolated from Streptomyces antibioticus and involved in Actinomycins metabolic pathway. (1) HSD17B7 is worldwide known as the enzyme which ¿closed the gap¿ in the postsqualene cholesterol biosynthesis, that means it participates in this central pathway as 3-ketosteroid reductase by reducing zymosterone to zymosterol. Before being identified as participant of the cholesterol biosynthesis, HSD17B7 was originally known as a member of the protein family of short-chain dehydrogenases/reductase: 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17HSDs) which signifies it additionally has a central function in controlling the synthesis and biological activity of sex steroid hormones. In this study, the cDNA of human 17 HSD type 7 was cloned and expressed both in Escherichia coli and insect cells. Then purification of HSD17B7 from E.coli was performed and achieved via refolding of bacterial inclusion bodies method. (2) Actinomycins are a class of antitumor antibiotics whose structure consists of bicyclic chromopentapeptide lactones. Dactinomycins, or Actinomycin D (IV), is the most denoting member of this group since it has been used as anticancer drug for many years. Focusing on the pentapeptide lactone ring they are made of, actinomycins synthetized by Streptomyces antibioticus can include a 4-hydroxyproline or a 4-oxoproline residue instead of a proline. Recent advances in understanding this synthesis formations showed they take place by hydroxylation/ketonization in two consecutive oxidations both catalyzed by the enzyme Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) using half (pentapeptidelactone D) of Actinomycin D (IV) as substrate. Here we describe the crystal structure of CYP450 in the substrate-free form. Recombinantly produced CYP450 yielded crystals that diffracted to 1.5 Å. The structure was solved via molecular replacement and the model is complete except for the first 22 N-terminal amino acids and the last 22 amino acids of the C-terminus.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14240/73788