Dal 2010, una grave ripresa del cancro corticale è stata osservata in diverse aree del Piemonte, in particolare nella provincia di Cuneo. Il cancro corticale causato da Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) M. E. Barr è una malattia che determina cancri, la cui diffusione è favorita dalla presenza di ferite a carico dei tessuti legnosi. Sebbene la grandine sia un potenziale fattore di rischio, l'associazione tra le ferite da grandine e il cancro non era ancora stato studiato. Lo scopo di questo studio è stato valutare l'esistenza dell'associazione tra il cancro corticale e le ferite da grandine e sperimentare diverse pratiche di difesa integrata per il recupero dei castagneti degradati. In sei siti localizzati in Peveragno (CN) sono stati campionati 212 rami con cancro e 147 rami sani. La presenza/assenza del fungo nei rami è stata verificata mediante prove di isolamento. Una serie di parametri biometrici e patologici è stata misurata ed in seguito confrontata tra rami cancerosi e rami sani e, nei rami cancerosi, tra porzioni di ramo infetti e porzioni di ramo asintomatici. Le popolazioni di C. parasitica sono state individuate attraverso prove di compatibilità vegetativa e la presenza di Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV-1) è stata verificata mediante analisi morfologiche e molecolari. L'efficacia delle diverse pratiche di difesa integrata contro il cancro corticale è stata verificata in campo. Queste pratiche comprendono potatura, fertilizzazione minerale, trattamenti chimici (iniezione di tebuconazolo, infusione di fosfito di potassio e infusione di una miscela di fosfito di potassio e tebuconazolo), inoculazione di isolati ipovirulenti e capitozzatura. Il grado di trasparenza delle chiome è stato valutato prima e dopo i trattamenti. Le ferite da grandine sono state significativamente minori nei rami cancerosi rispetto ai rami sani (31 vs. 39, p<0,05), ma la loro superficie si è rivelata significativamente più estesa (22,78 mm2 vs. 6,92 mm2, p<0,05). Per quanto riguarda i rami cancerosi il numero di ferite da grandine associate e non associate al cancro non è stato significativamente differente (16 vs. 15, p>0,05), inoltre le ferite associate al cancro sono risultate significativamente maggiori rispetto alle altre (25,13 mm2 vs. 14,61 mm2, p<0,05). Questi risultati suggeriscono che è l'area delle ferite, piuttosto che il loro numero, a favorire la diffusione dell'infezione di C. parasitica e le ferite di maggiori dimensioni costituiscono una via privilegiata di penetrazione per il patogeno. Dei 124 isolati ottenuti dai cancri virulenti, solo 8 sono risultati positivi a CHV-1. Il numero di gruppi di compatibilità vegetativa per sito varia da due a quattro. Solo la fertilizzazione minerale e l'iniezione di tebuconazolo hanno mostrato effetti positivi nel recupero dei castagneti degradati. Tuttavia, solo il monitoraggio della trasparenza delle chiome dei castagni e la stime sulla mortalità nel prossimo futuro possono permettere di valutare complessivamente l'efficacia di ogni trattamento, in particolare nel caso dell'inoculazione di isolati ipovirulenti.
Since 2010, a severe resurgence of chestnut blight has been observed in different areas of Piedmont, in particular in the province of Cuneo. The chestnut blight caused by Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) M. E. Barr is a disease determining cankers whose spread is favored by wounds on wood tissues. Although hail is potentially a risk factor, the association between the injuries it causes and the canker has still not been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the existence of the association between the chestnut blight and the hail injuries and to test different control strategies to recover declining chestnut forests. In six sites located in Peveragno (CN) 212 branches with canker and 147 healthy ones were sampled. The presence/absence of the fungus in the branches was verified by isolations trials. A series of biometric and pathological parameters was measured and compared between infected and healthy branches and between symptomatic and asymptomatic portions of infected branches. C. parasitica populations were characterized through vegetative compatibility tests and the presence of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV-1) was assessed with morphological and molecular analyses. The efficacy of different control practices of chestnut blight was tested in the field. These practices included pruning, mineral fertilization, chemical treatments (injection of tebuconazole, infusion of potassium phosphite and infusion of a mixture of potassium phosphite and tebuconazole), and inoculations of hypovirulent strains. Crown transparency was assessed before and after treatments. Hail injuries were significantly less abundant on infected branches than on healthy ones (31 vs. 39, p<0,05 ), but their average area was significantly wider (22,78 mm2 vs. 6,92 mm2, p<0,05). Symptomatic and asymptomatic portions of infected branches displayed no significant difference in the average number of hail injuries (16 vs. 15), yet the injuries on symptomatic portions were significantly wider than the others (25,13 mm2 vs. 14,61 mm2, p<0,05). These results suggest that the area of injuries rather than their number can promote the spread of C. parasitica infections and that wide injuries constitute a privileged way of penetration of the pathogen. Among the 124 isolates recovered from chestnut blight cankers, only 8 were positive to CHV-1. The number of vegetative compatibility types per site varied from two and four. Only the mineral fertilization and the injection of tebuconazole showed positive and significant effects in recovering declining chestnuts. However, only further monitoring of chestnut crown transparency and mortality rate in the next future will allow to fully evaluate the effectiveness of each treatment, in particular in the case of inoculations of hypovirulent strains.
Indagini epidemiologiche sul cancro corticale da Cryphonectria parasitica in castagneti piemontesi degradati e interventi sperimentali per il loro recupero
PASERO, ILARIA
2013/2014
Abstract
Since 2010, a severe resurgence of chestnut blight has been observed in different areas of Piedmont, in particular in the province of Cuneo. The chestnut blight caused by Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) M. E. Barr is a disease determining cankers whose spread is favored by wounds on wood tissues. Although hail is potentially a risk factor, the association between the injuries it causes and the canker has still not been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the existence of the association between the chestnut blight and the hail injuries and to test different control strategies to recover declining chestnut forests. In six sites located in Peveragno (CN) 212 branches with canker and 147 healthy ones were sampled. The presence/absence of the fungus in the branches was verified by isolations trials. A series of biometric and pathological parameters was measured and compared between infected and healthy branches and between symptomatic and asymptomatic portions of infected branches. C. parasitica populations were characterized through vegetative compatibility tests and the presence of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV-1) was assessed with morphological and molecular analyses. The efficacy of different control practices of chestnut blight was tested in the field. These practices included pruning, mineral fertilization, chemical treatments (injection of tebuconazole, infusion of potassium phosphite and infusion of a mixture of potassium phosphite and tebuconazole), and inoculations of hypovirulent strains. Crown transparency was assessed before and after treatments. Hail injuries were significantly less abundant on infected branches than on healthy ones (31 vs. 39, p<0,05 ), but their average area was significantly wider (22,78 mm2 vs. 6,92 mm2, p<0,05). Symptomatic and asymptomatic portions of infected branches displayed no significant difference in the average number of hail injuries (16 vs. 15), yet the injuries on symptomatic portions were significantly wider than the others (25,13 mm2 vs. 14,61 mm2, p<0,05). These results suggest that the area of injuries rather than their number can promote the spread of C. parasitica infections and that wide injuries constitute a privileged way of penetration of the pathogen. Among the 124 isolates recovered from chestnut blight cankers, only 8 were positive to CHV-1. The number of vegetative compatibility types per site varied from two and four. Only the mineral fertilization and the injection of tebuconazole showed positive and significant effects in recovering declining chestnuts. However, only further monitoring of chestnut crown transparency and mortality rate in the next future will allow to fully evaluate the effectiveness of each treatment, in particular in the case of inoculations of hypovirulent strains.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14240/66190