GLI INDICATORI SOCIALI DEI DIRITTI UMANI

With this work I would to address the issue of social indicators, trying to trace a path from different perspectives to arrive to investigate that kind of social indicators universally known as the Human Rights Indicators. Despite the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was promulgated in 1948 and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in 1966 and therefore coeval with the birth of the Movement of Social Indicators, the idea of a universal and shared indicators for measure the effective enjoyment of human rights is relatively recent compared to several other types of social indicators. The first indicators used at the universal level, were just economic indicators during the 60s: at that same time the movement was trying to standardize globally the use of social indicators, also thanks to the technological support of computerization, but the use of indicators of human rights was limited to the local level and not organized, with different methodologies, objectives, and data sources, in different conditions, both territorial and cultural contexts. The crisis step of the Movement, in the 80s corresponds to a growing mistrust and distrust of econometric models, which have not been able to avoid rising inflation and unemployment. The general interest moves from the measurement of wealth, to the measurement of well-being and quality of life. In the 90s, while trying to assist the recovery step of the Social Indicators Movement, the analysis of quality indicators of well-being has shown the great social inequality by shifting the focus on general social development indicators relative instead of absolute well-being: was published in 1990 the first Human Development Report of the United Nations, in correspondence with the international dissemination dell'Human Development Index in 1989 and used since 1993 also in the Human Development Report, but only ten years later it was possible to see the use of other new index, before seeing the first published report of the United Nations which was the subject of human rights in which it was sanctioned to the need to measure them to ensure they can be so universal. At the end of the 90s, the Indian economist Amartya Sen proposes new revolutionary economic theories targeted on effective protection of the central aspects of human rights, in contrast to the traditional economics, where economic development no longer coincides with an increase in income but with an increase in quality of life. From 2000 onwards, the path is recent: 2005 to 2012 have followed a series of consultations and multi-disciplinary workshops, organized by UN specialized agencies (especially the OHCHR): the epilogue is a publication in 2012 of a Guide for the use and implementation of indicators of human rights.