The role of regulatory capture in symbiotic crimes and environmental degradation: assessing the limits of corporate and state accountability

This thesis aims to assess the state and firms' impact on environmental degradation. To achieve this purpose, it begins with an introductory section on green criminology, how it differs from traditional criminology, and the different types of crimes within this field. A kind of crime called symbiotic is initiated and facilitated by both the state and corporations. Subsequently, the research explored more in-depth the crimes perpetrated by the state and corporations, such as white-collar, state-corporate, and green-collar crimes. Further, it analyses the role played by regulatory capture, state capture, and lobbies in influencing the formation of laws, state policies, and regulations. These unlawful influence actions are crucial for grasping the discrepancy between the state, which is compromised by companies rather than safeguarding the environment and public welfare interests. To clarify the subjects presented, a comprehensive review of relevant legislation, case precedents, and academic literature will be provided. The last chapter focuses on the accountability of the state and corporations when committing environmental crimes. This last section highlights the disparity between the extent of environmental harm and the severity of the legal penalties enforced, ultimately showcasing the inadequate compensation provided to the victims.