Dryocosmus kuriphilus, Imenottero Cinipide galligeno originario della Cina e causa di gravi danni a Castanea spp., è stato segnalato nel 2002 a sud di Cuneo. Il cinipide si è rapidamente diffuso in Italia e in altri paesi europei, causando una forte riduzione delle produzioni castanicole. La specie, partenogenetica, a ciclo annuale, ovidepone nelle gemme e si sviluppa nelle galle che si formano in primavera. Lo studio dei possibili antagonisti ha considerato vari aspetti. La lotta biologica contro il cinipide ha utilizzato l'Imenottero parassitoide Torymus sinensis, introdotto dal Giappone, allevato e diffuso in Italia (Alma et al., 2004). La predazione rilevata da Ferrazzi (2005) sulle galle, che presentavano lesioni e ferite causate da artropodi e uccelli predatori, è stata analizzata anche nell'ambito di tesi di laurea: Cappa, 2006, Spada, 2007, e dal sottoscritto negli anni 2007-2009. Dalla ricerca di cultivar di castagno resistenti al fitofago la più valida è risultata Bouche de Bétizac (Bounous, 2002); in essa Sartor e Botta (2011) hanno riscontrato una capacità di reazione a livello delle gemme, con morte del cinipide. Obiettivi del mio lavoro sono stati un approfondimento del ciclo biologico del Driocosmo, l'analisi di danni alle galle e la conferma al metodo di Ferrazzi e Spada (2006), sull'alterazione delle gemme interessate dall'ovideposizione del cinipide. Nelle sei stazioni considerate mensilmente nel Cuneese (a Vicoforte, Boves, Monastero di Vasco), venivano raccolti random rami e polloni. In laboratorio si verificavano nelle gemme possibili alterazioni e la presenza o l'assenza di uova e larve di Driocosmo. Venivano contate le foglie prive di galle; nelle galle si consideravano le alterazioni e la presenza di cinipidi e di parassitoidi. I risultati sono stati sottoposti ad analisi statistiche (test di Kruskal-Wallis e Pearson Chi-Square Test). Si è riscontrata una forte presenza di Driocosmo nelle gemme (2007-2008, 66%) e una grave infestazione del cinipide nelle stazioni del Bovesano e del Monregalese. Per la zona di Boves non sono emerse differenze significative tra 2005-06 e 2007-08 in relazione all'incidenza del cinipide, mentre si è rivelata significativa per tutte le stazioni la differenza tra cinipidi presenti nelle gemme nei mesi autunnali (77%) e nei mesi di febbraio-marzo successivi (59%). Questa netta diminuzione di larve nelle gemme potrebbe essere correlata con la resistenza di alcune cultivar. La regressione lineare tra uova/larve di 1° età e livello di alterazione delle gemme si è confermata altamente significativa, come già rilevato da Spada (2006). Dall'esame delle galle, l'incidenza della predazione nel 2007-2009 (11,5%), risultava simile a quella del 2005-2006. Per le foglie prive di galle si è evidenziata una differenza significativa tra il 2007-2008 e il 2009, a dimostrazione di una diminuzione del fitofago. La presenza di parassitoidi autoctoni a Boves, valutabile all'8% nel 2006, vista la scarsa incidenza di T. sinensis riferita ai primi anni di introduzione, si è confermata nel 2007-2009 (9,3%). Galle con necrosi, rilevate a Boves e a Vicoforte (37%) nel 2007, annata con mese di giugno molto piovoso, si sono osservate soprattutto in presenza di ferite da predazione. Viste le molteplici forme di contenimento del Driocosmo messe in evidenza, il loro sviluppo e approfondimento potrebbe portare ottimi risultati nella lotta contro il cinipide.
Dryocosmus kuriphilus, Hymenoptera, gall wasp native to China and cause of serious damage to Castanea spp., was reported in 2002 in the south of Cuneo (Piedmont, Italy). The chestnut gall wasp has rapidly spread in Italy and in other European countries, resulting in a sharp reduction in chestnut production. This species, parthenogenetic, with an annual cycle, lays eggs in buds and develops in galls that are formed in the spring. The study of possible antagonists has considered various aspects. Biological control of the gall wasp used the parasitoid Torymus sinensis, introduced from Japan, reared and spread in Italy (Alma et al., 2004). Predation detected by Ferrazzi (2005) on galls, which presented lesions and wounds caused by arthropods and birds, was also analyzed in theses: Cappa, 2005, Spada, 2006, and by myself in the years 2007 - 2009. From the research of chestnut cultivar resistant to chestnut gall wasp, the most effective was Bouche de Bétizac (Bounous, 2002). In it Sartor and Botta (2011) found a response capacity at the level of gems, with the death of the gall wasp. Objectives of my work have been a study of the biological cycle of Driocosmus, the analysis of damage to the galls and the confirmation of Ferrazzi and Spada method (2006), on the alteration detection of buds affected by oviposition of gall wasp. In the six stations monthly considered in Cuneo province (Vicoforte, Boves, Monastero di Vasco), were collected random branches and suckers. In laboratory possible alterations on buds and presence or absence of eggs and larvae of the chestnut gall wasp have been checked. The leaves without galls were counted; the alterations and the presence of gall wasps and parasitoids in the galls were considered. The results were subjected to statistical analysis (Kruskal-Wallis and Pearson Chi-Square Test). We have registred a strong presence of Dryocosmus in buds (2007-2008, 66%) and a severe infestation of gall wasp in all experimental stations. For the area of Boves there were no significant differences between 2005-06 and 2007-08 in relation to the incidence of gall wasp. The difference between gall wasps present in the buds in the autumn months (77%) and in the following months of February-March (59%) proved to be significant for all stations. This sharp decrease of larvae in buds might be correlated to the resistance of some cultivars. The linear regression between eggs / first age larvae and level of alteration of buds is highly significant, as noted by Spada (2006). The galls examination showed that the incidence of predation in 2007-2009 (11.5%) was similar to that of 2005-2006. For the leaves without galls a significant difference between the 2007-2008 and 2009 was assessed , reflecting a decrease of the pest. The presence of native parasitoids in Boves, estimated 8% in 2006, given the low incidence of T. sinensis in referring to the early years of introduction, has been confirmed in 2007-2009 (9.3%). Galls with necrosis, recorded in Boves and Vicoforte (37%) in the 2007, very rainy year in the June month, were observed especially with the presence of wounds from predation. The deepening of these multiple forms of containment for the chestnut gall wasp could bring good results in the fight against gall wasp.
La problematica del cinipide galligeno del castagno Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu, nellle valli Monregalesi (Cuneo)
BOTTO, CLAUDIO
2011/2012
Abstract
Dryocosmus kuriphilus, Hymenoptera, gall wasp native to China and cause of serious damage to Castanea spp., was reported in 2002 in the south of Cuneo (Piedmont, Italy). The chestnut gall wasp has rapidly spread in Italy and in other European countries, resulting in a sharp reduction in chestnut production. This species, parthenogenetic, with an annual cycle, lays eggs in buds and develops in galls that are formed in the spring. The study of possible antagonists has considered various aspects. Biological control of the gall wasp used the parasitoid Torymus sinensis, introduced from Japan, reared and spread in Italy (Alma et al., 2004). Predation detected by Ferrazzi (2005) on galls, which presented lesions and wounds caused by arthropods and birds, was also analyzed in theses: Cappa, 2005, Spada, 2006, and by myself in the years 2007 - 2009. From the research of chestnut cultivar resistant to chestnut gall wasp, the most effective was Bouche de Bétizac (Bounous, 2002). In it Sartor and Botta (2011) found a response capacity at the level of gems, with the death of the gall wasp. Objectives of my work have been a study of the biological cycle of Driocosmus, the analysis of damage to the galls and the confirmation of Ferrazzi and Spada method (2006), on the alteration detection of buds affected by oviposition of gall wasp. In the six stations monthly considered in Cuneo province (Vicoforte, Boves, Monastero di Vasco), were collected random branches and suckers. In laboratory possible alterations on buds and presence or absence of eggs and larvae of the chestnut gall wasp have been checked. The leaves without galls were counted; the alterations and the presence of gall wasps and parasitoids in the galls were considered. The results were subjected to statistical analysis (Kruskal-Wallis and Pearson Chi-Square Test). We have registred a strong presence of Dryocosmus in buds (2007-2008, 66%) and a severe infestation of gall wasp in all experimental stations. For the area of Boves there were no significant differences between 2005-06 and 2007-08 in relation to the incidence of gall wasp. The difference between gall wasps present in the buds in the autumn months (77%) and in the following months of February-March (59%) proved to be significant for all stations. This sharp decrease of larvae in buds might be correlated to the resistance of some cultivars. The linear regression between eggs / first age larvae and level of alteration of buds is highly significant, as noted by Spada (2006). The galls examination showed that the incidence of predation in 2007-2009 (11.5%) was similar to that of 2005-2006. For the leaves without galls a significant difference between the 2007-2008 and 2009 was assessed , reflecting a decrease of the pest. The presence of native parasitoids in Boves, estimated 8% in 2006, given the low incidence of T. sinensis in referring to the early years of introduction, has been confirmed in 2007-2009 (9.3%). Galls with necrosis, recorded in Boves and Vicoforte (37%) in the 2007, very rainy year in the June month, were observed especially with the presence of wounds from predation. The deepening of these multiple forms of containment for the chestnut gall wasp could bring good results in the fight against gall wasp.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14240/57234