The Role of Microalgae in Environmental Sustainability: Multifaceted Applications and Benefits of microalgae use

Microalgae cultivation systems play a crucial role in the sustainable production of biofuels and valuable bioproducts. This overview examines three primary cultivation approaches: open systems, closed systems, and hybrid systems. Each has unique benefits and drawbacks in terms of sustainability and resource use. The biofuel production process begins with microalgae cultivation, followed by lipid extraction, which typically involves harvesting the biomass through centrifugation or filtration, followed by solvent extraction or mechanical pressing to isolate the lipids. It highlights the progression from first-generation biofuels to sophisticated fourth-generation fuels, demonstrating developments in performance and technology. Apart from producing biodiesel, microalgae may also produce bioethanol and bio-jet fuels, which have a variety of uses in the transportation, energy, and agricultural sectors. Additionally, the integration of microalgae in a circular economy enhances their value by utilising by-products for fertilisers, animal feed, and helps against deforestation because there is no food vs fuel competitions. The environmental benefits of microalgae, such as carbon sequestration and minimal freshwater requirements, further underscore their potential in addressing global energy challenges sustainably. This comprehensive analysis draws attention to the multifaceted uses and advantages of microalgae, positioning them as a key player in the future of renewable energy and resource management.