La sopravvivenza dei pazienti con β-Thalassemia è aumentata drasticamente negli ultimi decenni e, con essa, anche la prevalenza di complicanze croniche. Poiché non tutte queste sono riconducibili unicamente all’anemia di base o all’accumulo marziale, è necessario valutare il coinvolgimento di altri processi fisiopatologici. Questo studio ha l’obiettivo di valutare la rilevanza dell’ipossia cronica nella β-Thalassemia, utilizzando il muscolo scheletrico come modello. La maggiore affaticabilità descritta è stata finora correlata al grado di anemia, alla minor efficienza cardiaca, al minor esercizio, o ad una combinazione di questi fattori. In questo studio, la funzionalità neuromuscolare dei pazienti con β-Thalassemia è stata valutata in associazione con l’attivazione della risposta all’ipossia cronica. E’ stato condotto uno studio cross-sectional per valutare la funzionalità neuromuscolare e le caratteristiche ematologiche e biochimiche di pazienti Trasfusione-Dipendenti (TDT) e Non Trasfusione-Dipendenti (NTDT) trattati secondo le migliori procedure previste (SoC), paragonati ad individui sani. I muscoli vasto mediale e vasto laterale sono stati studiati tramite elettromiografia ad alta densità, durante contrazioni isometriche al 30% della forza massima (per 10s) o al 30% (ad esaurimento). La dimensione media delle fibre è stata stimata dalla velocità di conduzione del segnale (MFCV) e il drive neuronale dal numero di scariche registrate per unità motoria. I livelli sierici di HIF1α e HIF2α sono stati misurati con metodo ELISA. Per valutare l’attività fisica e la qualità di vita (QoL) sono stati usati gli score GPAQ e FACIT-F. Lo studio è stato approvato dal Comitato Etico locale. Nello studio sono stati arruolati 36 soggetti (15 sani, 10 NTDT, 11 TDT), di età media 29 anni (range 20-43), di cui il 50% donne. La forza media è risultata minore nel gruppo TDT (P=0.038), a parità di altri fattori. La velocità di scarica delle unità motorie è risultata superiore nei TDT che nei sani (P=0.014), mentre MFCV era minore in TDT (P=0.027). Il gruppo NTDT ha mostrato valori intermedi. I livelli di HIF1α sono stati 4.3±4.3, 2.9±1.9 e 24.9±42.2 ng/mL nei sani, NTDT e TDT (P=0.056). I livelli di HIF2α non erano significativamente diversi. HIF1α e HIF2α correlavano negativamente con la forza massima (Spearman’s ρ=-0.34, P=0.04 e ρ=-0.45, P=0.005) e con MFCV (ρ=-0.42, P=0.02 e ρ=-0.60, P<0.001). La qualità di vita era significativamente ridotta nei pazienti e correlava positivamente con la capacità motoria (P<0.05). Nessuna correlazione è stata individuata tra i parametri funzionali e il livello di emoglobina. I pazienti con β-Thalassemia hanno mostrato una ridotta forza muscolare, più evidente nei TDT, senza differenze significative nella resistenza. Lo scarso esercizio non può essere sufficiente a spiegare tale differenza; invece, queste osservazioni potrebbero essere spiegate dalla presenza di un ambiente neuromuscolare caratterizzato da fibre più piccole e da una diminuita efficienza di propagazione del segnale. In questo contesto, l’ipossia cronica potrebbe rappresentare un fattore determinante nel promuovere tali alterazioni, come suggerito dalla correlazione negativa tra HIF1α, HIF2α e i parametri di funzionalità neuromuscolare. Suggeriamo quindi che l’ipossia tissutale cronica possa essere un attore rilevante nel determinare il carico di malattia complessivo in questa patologia, anche in caso di trattamento secondo i migliori SoC.
BACKGROUND β-Thalassemia patients, whose life expectancy dramatically improved in the last decades, experience chronic complications that significantly worsen their burden of the disease. Since not all could be explained by anemia or iron overload, other pathological processes should be involved. This study aimed to evaluate the relevance of chronic tissue hypoxia in β-Thalassemia, focusing on the skeletal muscle as a study model. The higher fatigability observed has been related to lower hemoglobin levels, lower cardiac efficiency, increased deconditioning, or a combination of these factors. Challenging this hypothesis, we studied neuromuscular function in β-Thalassemia patients, evaluating its possible association with the activation of hypoxic pathways. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study evaluating neuromuscular, hematological, biochemical, and clinical characteristics of patients affected by Transfusion-Dependent (TDT) or Non Transfusion-Dependent β-Thalassemia (NTDT) receiving optimal standard of care (SoC) compared to healthy subjects. High-density surface EMG signals were recorded from the vastus medialis and vastus lateralis under isometric contractions at 30% (for 10 s) and 60% (until exhaustion) of maximal voluntary torque. Average muscle fiber size was estimated by muscle fiber conduction velocity (MFCV) and neural drive by motor unit firings. Serum HIF1α and HIF2α were measured by ELISA; biochemical parameters were measured by routinary hospital lab procedures. GPAQ and FACIT-F scores assessed physical activity and quality of life (QoL), respectively. The study was approved by the local EC/IRB. RESULTS In total 36 subjects (15 healthy, 10 NTDT, 11 TDT) were enrolled in the study. Median age was 29 (range 20-43), 50% were female. Mean torque was lower in TDT group (P=0.038), controlled for all relevant covariates. The motor unit discharge rates were higher (P=0.014) in TDT (12.0±0.3 Hz) than in healthy controls (10.9±0.2 Hz), while MFCV was lower (P=0.027) in TDT (4.8±0.5 m/s) than in healthy (5.3±0.5 m/s). NTDT showed intermediate values. Serum HIF1α levels were 4.3±4.3, 2.9±1.9, and 24.9±42.2 ng/mL in healthy, NTDT and TDT, respectively (P=0.056). HIF2α levels did not differ significantly. Both HIF1α and HIF2α correlated negatively with max torque (Spearman’s ρ=-0.34, P=0.04 and ρ=-0.45, P=0.005, respectively) and with MFCV (ρ=-0.42, P=0.02 and ρ=-0.60, P<0.001, respectively). QoL was significantly lower in patients and positively correlated with exercise capacity (P<0.05). No correlation was observed between hemoglobin and any functional parameter. DISCUSSION β-Thalassemia patients showed lower muscular strength, more prominent in TDT than NTDT, but no differences in muscle endurance. Muscle deconditioning alone could hardly account for such a reduction; rather, this observation could be explained by the presence of an altered neuromuscular environment characterized by smaller average muscle fiber size and lower neuromuscular efficiency. In this scenario, chronic tissue hypoxia could represent a key factor in promoting pathological modification of the neuromuscular microenvironment in thalassemic patients, as suggested by the negative correlations among HIF1α, HIF2α, and parameters of neuromuscular performance. For these reasons, we suggest chronic tissue hypoxia to be a possible significant contributor to the overall burden of disease, even in the presence of an optimal treatment received according to the best SoC.
L’ipossia tissutale cronica come possibile driver di alterazioni patologiche nei pazienti con β-Thalassemia
PIOLATTO, ANDREA
2021/2022
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-Thalassemia patients, whose life expectancy dramatically improved in the last decades, experience chronic complications that significantly worsen their burden of the disease. Since not all could be explained by anemia or iron overload, other pathological processes should be involved. This study aimed to evaluate the relevance of chronic tissue hypoxia in β-Thalassemia, focusing on the skeletal muscle as a study model. The higher fatigability observed has been related to lower hemoglobin levels, lower cardiac efficiency, increased deconditioning, or a combination of these factors. Challenging this hypothesis, we studied neuromuscular function in β-Thalassemia patients, evaluating its possible association with the activation of hypoxic pathways. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study evaluating neuromuscular, hematological, biochemical, and clinical characteristics of patients affected by Transfusion-Dependent (TDT) or Non Transfusion-Dependent β-Thalassemia (NTDT) receiving optimal standard of care (SoC) compared to healthy subjects. High-density surface EMG signals were recorded from the vastus medialis and vastus lateralis under isometric contractions at 30% (for 10 s) and 60% (until exhaustion) of maximal voluntary torque. Average muscle fiber size was estimated by muscle fiber conduction velocity (MFCV) and neural drive by motor unit firings. Serum HIF1α and HIF2α were measured by ELISA; biochemical parameters were measured by routinary hospital lab procedures. GPAQ and FACIT-F scores assessed physical activity and quality of life (QoL), respectively. The study was approved by the local EC/IRB. RESULTS In total 36 subjects (15 healthy, 10 NTDT, 11 TDT) were enrolled in the study. Median age was 29 (range 20-43), 50% were female. Mean torque was lower in TDT group (P=0.038), controlled for all relevant covariates. The motor unit discharge rates were higher (P=0.014) in TDT (12.0±0.3 Hz) than in healthy controls (10.9±0.2 Hz), while MFCV was lower (P=0.027) in TDT (4.8±0.5 m/s) than in healthy (5.3±0.5 m/s). NTDT showed intermediate values. Serum HIF1α levels were 4.3±4.3, 2.9±1.9, and 24.9±42.2 ng/mL in healthy, NTDT and TDT, respectively (P=0.056). HIF2α levels did not differ significantly. Both HIF1α and HIF2α correlated negatively with max torque (Spearman’s ρ=-0.34, P=0.04 and ρ=-0.45, P=0.005, respectively) and with MFCV (ρ=-0.42, P=0.02 and ρ=-0.60, P<0.001, respectively). QoL was significantly lower in patients and positively correlated with exercise capacity (P<0.05). No correlation was observed between hemoglobin and any functional parameter. DISCUSSION β-Thalassemia patients showed lower muscular strength, more prominent in TDT than NTDT, but no differences in muscle endurance. Muscle deconditioning alone could hardly account for such a reduction; rather, this observation could be explained by the presence of an altered neuromuscular environment characterized by smaller average muscle fiber size and lower neuromuscular efficiency. In this scenario, chronic tissue hypoxia could represent a key factor in promoting pathological modification of the neuromuscular microenvironment in thalassemic patients, as suggested by the negative correlations among HIF1α, HIF2α, and parameters of neuromuscular performance. For these reasons, we suggest chronic tissue hypoxia to be a possible significant contributor to the overall burden of disease, even in the presence of an optimal treatment received according to the best SoC.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14240/37132