BACKGROUND: L'epidemia di COVID-19 causata dal SARS-CoV-2 si è rapidamente trasformata in una pandemia. Il genere, inteso come differenze tra maschio e femmina, è una variabile biologica tradizionalmente sottovalutata nella risposta immunitaria a una qualsiasi infezione, sebbene uomini e donne si differenzino molto dal punto di vista del sistema immunitario e delle comorbidità di base. La letteratura scientifica attuale ha evidenziato un tasso di mortalità per il COVID-19, più alto negli uomini rispetto alle donne. METODI: Il nostro studio è una sub-analisi del registro HOPE2, Health Outcome Predictive Evaluation 2 for COVID19, un registro internazionale, osservazionale, di coorte, prospettico, multicentrico che sta ancora reclutando pazienti. L'obiettivo del nostro studio è stato quello di esplorare le differenze di genere dei pazienti ricoverati per COVID-19, al fine di trovare ogni potenziale differenza nella presentazione clinica, nella gestione terapeutica e negli esiti tra pazienti maschi e femmine, con particolare riferimento agli aspetti cardiovascolari. RISULTATI: Tra 8801 pazienti arruolati, 798 sono stati esclusi, dei rimanenti, 3378 erano donne (42,2%) e 4625 erano uomini (57,8%); l'età media dei pazienti era di 63,11 ± 18,4 anni. Il nostro endpoint primario, la mortalità in ospedale, era più alta negli uomini. Prima della dimissione si sono verificati 1413 decessi, con una differenza significativa tra uomini (916; 19,8%) e donne (497; 14,5%) (p<0,001). Valutando una media di follow-up a lungo termine di 39,85 ± 96,95 giorni, la differenza di mortalità si è rilevata costante (562 donne (16,6%) vs 998 uomini (21,6%), p<0,001). Anche la presentazione clinica del COVID-19 è risultata diversa a seconda del sesso: i maschi ospedalizzati avevano più frequentemente episodi di febbre e dispnea moderata-grave, mentre quasi tutti gli altri sintomi legati al COVID-19 sono risultati più comuni nelle donne. Durante l'ospedalizzazione, gli uomini presentavano maggiori alterazioni negli esami di laboratorio (aumento della PCR, del DDimero e della troponina) e complicazioni del COVID-19, come polmonite bilaterale, insufficienza respiratoria, SIRS e insufficienza renale. Di fatto, la popolazione maschile ha richiesto linee terapeutiche più aggressive rispetto alla controparte femminile. Dal punto di vista cardiovascolare, gli uomini presentavano più comorbidità (come il diabete, la dislipidemia e dipendenza dal fumo) ed esiti peggiori, come eventi embolici durante il ricovero rispetto alle donne. Infine, gli uomini hanno richiesto maggiori terapie farmacologiche, come ACE/ARB ed ECMO per sostenere il sistema cardiovascolare durante il ricovero. CONCLUSIONI: Nella nostra ampia coorte di pazienti COVID19 ospedalizzati, è stata riscontrata una differenza significativa tra uomini e donne per quanto riguarda la presentazione clinica, le complicazioni e la terapia. Inoltre, è stato riportato un tasso di mortalità significativamente maggiore negli uomini, determinato dalla forte differenza di outcomes intraospedalieri.
BACKGROUND: The outbreak of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly turned into a pandemic. Gender is a traditionally under-appreciated biological variable in the immune response to infection, notably there are many biological differences between sex’s immune systems and baseline clinical profile. Current literature on clinical characteristics of the disease has pointed out a higher mortality rate in men than in women. METHODS: Our study is a sub-analysis from the registry HOPE2, Health Outcome Predictive Evaluation 2 for COVID19, an international, observational, cohort, prospective, multicenter registry which is still recruiting patients. The objective of our study was to explore gender differences of hospitalized COVID-19 patients to find any potential difference in clinical presentation, therapeutic management, and outcomes among male and female patients, with particular reference to the cardiovascular aspects. RESULTS: Among 8801 enrolled patients, 798 were excluded, of the remaining, 3378 were women (42.2%) and 4625 were man (57.8%). Patients average age was 63,11 ± 18,4 years. Our primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality, which was higher in men. Remarkably 1413 deaths occurred before discharge, with a significative difference between men (916; 19.8%) and women (497; 14.5%) (p<0.001). On an average long-term follow-up of 39.85 ± 96,95 days, the difference of mortality was confirmed (562 women (16.6%) vs 998 men (21.6%), p<0.001). Even clinical presentation of COVID-19 resulted different according to gender: hospitalized males had more commonly fever and moderate-severe dyspnoea, whereas almost all the other symptoms related to COVID-19 were found to be more common in women. During hospitalization, men presented more laboratory alterations (PCR increase, DDimer rise and troponin elevation) and COVID-19 complications, such as bilateral pneumonia, respiratory insufficiency, SIRS and renal failure. As a matter of fact, the male population required much more aggressive therapeutic lines than females. From the cardiovascular point of view, men had more comorbidities at baseline (such as diabetes, dyslipidaemia, and smoking history) and worse outcomes, like embolic events, during the hospitalization than females. Lastly, men required more cardiovascular medicaments, as ACE/ARB and ECMO to support the cardiovascular system during the hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: In our large cohort of hospitalized COVID19 patients, a significant difference between men and women was found because of clinical presentation, complications, and therapy. In addition, a significantly higher mortality rate was reported in men, driven by the strong difference in in-hospital outcomes.
Gender Differences in Cardiovascular Presentation and Outcomes of Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19.
VASSALLO, MARIA LETIZIA
2020/2021
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The outbreak of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly turned into a pandemic. Gender is a traditionally under-appreciated biological variable in the immune response to infection, notably there are many biological differences between sex’s immune systems and baseline clinical profile. Current literature on clinical characteristics of the disease has pointed out a higher mortality rate in men than in women. METHODS: Our study is a sub-analysis from the registry HOPE2, Health Outcome Predictive Evaluation 2 for COVID19, an international, observational, cohort, prospective, multicenter registry which is still recruiting patients. The objective of our study was to explore gender differences of hospitalized COVID-19 patients to find any potential difference in clinical presentation, therapeutic management, and outcomes among male and female patients, with particular reference to the cardiovascular aspects. RESULTS: Among 8801 enrolled patients, 798 were excluded, of the remaining, 3378 were women (42.2%) and 4625 were man (57.8%). Patients average age was 63,11 ± 18,4 years. Our primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality, which was higher in men. Remarkably 1413 deaths occurred before discharge, with a significative difference between men (916; 19.8%) and women (497; 14.5%) (p<0.001). On an average long-term follow-up of 39.85 ± 96,95 days, the difference of mortality was confirmed (562 women (16.6%) vs 998 men (21.6%), p<0.001). Even clinical presentation of COVID-19 resulted different according to gender: hospitalized males had more commonly fever and moderate-severe dyspnoea, whereas almost all the other symptoms related to COVID-19 were found to be more common in women. During hospitalization, men presented more laboratory alterations (PCR increase, DDimer rise and troponin elevation) and COVID-19 complications, such as bilateral pneumonia, respiratory insufficiency, SIRS and renal failure. As a matter of fact, the male population required much more aggressive therapeutic lines than females. From the cardiovascular point of view, men had more comorbidities at baseline (such as diabetes, dyslipidaemia, and smoking history) and worse outcomes, like embolic events, during the hospitalization than females. Lastly, men required more cardiovascular medicaments, as ACE/ARB and ECMO to support the cardiovascular system during the hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: In our large cohort of hospitalized COVID19 patients, a significant difference between men and women was found because of clinical presentation, complications, and therapy. In addition, a significantly higher mortality rate was reported in men, driven by the strong difference in in-hospital outcomes.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14240/35521