Prevalence and risk indicators of peri-implant diseases: a cross-sectional study

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of peri-implant health and peri- implant diseases in a university representative population. Additionally, it aimed to identify risk and protective indicators of peri-implantitis. Materials and Methods: For the research, 381 patients from the university database were invited to participate. Those who accepted underwent first a medical and dental history data collection, then a clinical and radiological examination. The clinical data were collected by two trained and calibrated operators. Afterwards, a thorough data collection was carried out from the patients past dental records. The prevalence was assessed with an indirect diagnostic criterion, as well as through direct evidence of bone loss on implants which presented retrospective data. A multilevel analysis was performed to identify risk/protective indicators related to the presence of peri-implantitis. Results: The research included 130 patients with a total of 432 dental implants. At patient level, the prevalence of peri-implantitis and mucositis was 25% and 61.5% using the direct criterion; whereas using the indirect ones it was 17.3% and 71.2%, respectively. At implant level, the prevalence of peri-implantitis and mucositis was 17.1% and 71.2% using the direct criterion; whereas it was 11.7% and 76.6% using the indirect criterion. The following risk/protective indicators were identified for peri-implantitis: smoking status (OR=6.12, 95% CI: 2.59-14.46), association with moderate/severe periodontitis (OR=2.55, 95% CI: 1.06-6.15), presence of plaque on the implant surface (OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.04-1.41), type of restoration (OR: 0.327, 95% CI: 0.12-0.74), position of the implant (OR: 0.333, 95% CI: 0.15- 0.74) and function time (OR: 2.55, 95% CI: 1.06.6.15). Conclusion: Peri-implant diseases are a very common complication among patients with dental implants in the analyzed population. Several risk and protective indicators were identified in association with peri-implantitis, potentially helping the clinician in its prevention, early detection and treatment.