Patogeni terricoli quali Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium ultimum e Fusarium oxysporum sono tra i principali fattori limitanti la produttività degli agro-ecosistemi e spesso risultano particolarmente difficili da gestire mediante le strategie di lotta convenzionali. Diversi studi condotti in questi anni hanno dimostrato come i compost, impiegati sia nel settore vivaistico sia nel settore orticolo come ammendanti e come componenti di substrati di coltivazione a base di torba, possono essere di grande utilità come metodo di lotta a patogeni vegetali alternativo a prodotti chimici. Tra i meccanismi d'azione responsabili di questi effetti di repressività, si ipotizza che la microflora presente nel compost contribuisca significativamente, inibendo lo sviluppo dei patogeni mediante la competizione per le risorse nutritive e lo spazio, oltre che, in taluni casi, anche attraverso la produzione di enzimi. Oggetto della tesi è stato quello di valutare l'attività antagonista di alcuni microrganismi, batteri e funghi, isolati da compost, nel contrastare patogeni tellurici delle principali colture orticole. I patogeni saggiati sono stati: R. solani su fagiolo, P. ultimum su cetriolo e F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici su pomodoro. I microrganismi saggiati sono stati isolati da tre ammendanti compostati verdi (CO-SP, CO-HU e CO-IT), e allevati su substrati di crescita in laboratorio. L'isolamento è stato fatto attraverso la tecnica delle diluizioni seriali e sono stati isolati 83 batteri e 6 funghi. Inizialmente per i microrganismi sono state avviate delle prove in vitro per analizzare la capacità di limitare lo sviluppo dei patogeni. Per i saggi con i batteri si utilizza una piastra di PDA che viene suddivisa a metà considerando il suo diametro e priva di Streptomicina così da permettere lo sviluppo del batterio. In seguito si posizionano nella piastra, in maniera equidistante dal centro, un disco di agar inoculato con il patogeno ed uno striscio del batterio. Per i saggi con i funghi sono state utilizzate piastre di PDA con Streptomicina. Anche in questo caso si posizionano all'interno della piastra, in maniera equidistante dal centro, un disco di agar inoculato con il patogeno e un disco con il fungo antagonista. In seguito le piastre preparate sono state conservate all'interno di un incubatore ad una temperatura di 25°C e dopo 7 giorni si misura nella piastra l'alone di inibizione causato dai microrganismi isolati da compost. Successivamente sono state effettuate delle prove in vivo, all'interno di serre di vetro e acciaio con gestione controllata dell'irrigazione e della temperatura, in cui i microrganismi sono stati inoculati in vaschette contenenti torba sterilizzata e sono stati fatti sviluppare per sette giorni. Dopo una settimana sono stati inoculati nelle vaschette anche i patogeni. In seguito sono stati preparati i vasi con il substrato torboso ed è stata effettuata la semina con 10 semi di cetriolo e 10 semi di fagiolo, mentre invece per le piante di pomodoro è stato effettuato il trapianto di 10 piante. Le piante sono state fatte crescere per circa 3-4 settimane, dopodiché viene eseguito il rilievo finale. I parametri considerati utili alla sperimentazione sono stati: numero di piante germinate; peso fresco della biomassa; indice di malattia; % di piante vive. Al termine del rilievo i dati raccolti sono stati oggetto di analisi statistica Anova così da evidenziare quali microrganismi risultano efficaci. Sono state condotte in vivo 10 prove
Soil-borne pathogens such as Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium ultimum and Fusarium oxysporum are among the main factors limiting the productivity of agro-ecosystems, and are often particularly difficult to manage by conventional control strategies. In recent years several studies have shown that compost, applied in the nursery and in the horticultural sectors as soil improver and as component of peat based growing media, can be very useful for controlling plant pathogens and alternative to chemicals. Among the mechanisms of action responsible for these effects of suppressions, it is assumed that the microflora present in compost contributes significantly, inhibiting the development of pathogens through the competition for nutrient resources and space, as well as, in certain cases, also through the production of enzymes. The aim of the thesis was to evaluate the antagonist activity of some microorganisms, bacteria and fungi, isolated from compost, in controlling soil-borne pathogens of major vegetable crops. The tested pathogens were: R. solani on bean, P. ultimum on cucumber and F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici on tomato. Microorganisms were isolated from three green composts (CO-SP, CO-HU and CO-IT) and afterwards they were cultivated on growth substrates in laboratory. The isolation was done with the technique of serial dilution and 83 bacteria and 6 fungi were isolated. The microorganisms were evaluated in vitro for their ability to inhibit the growth of pathogens. For the tests with bacteria, Petri plates of PDA without streptomycin were used to enable the development of the bacteria. Afterwards an agar disc inoculated with the pathogen and a bacterium strip were placed in the plate at a point equidistant from the centre. For tests with fungi, PDA plates with Streptomycin were used and an agar disc inoculated with the pathogen and a disc with the antagonistic fungi were placed equidistant from the centre. Afterwards the prepared plates were incubated at a temperature of 25 °C and after 7 days the zones of inhibition by the microorganisms isolated form compost were measured in the plates. Subsequently in vivo tests were carried out inside glass and steel greenhouses with controlled irrigation management and temperature, in which the microorganisms were inoculated in trays containing sterilized peat. After a week also the pathogen was inoculated. After seven days the pots were prepared with the peat substrate and 10 seeds of cucumber and 10 seeds of bean were sowed, while for the tomato trials 10 plants were transplanted. The plants were grown for about 3-4 weeks, after that the final evaluation was carried out. The parameters considered were: number of germinated plants, fresh weight of biomass, disease index and percentage of alive plants. At the end of the trials, data collected were subject to Anova statistical analysis in order to highlight which microorganisms were effective. Totally, 10 trials against R. solani on bean, 6 trials against P. ultimum on cucumber and 4 trials against F. oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici have been carrying out. In the in vitro tests 7 bacteria were able to inhibit the development of the pathogens, in particular: AB11, B11 were effective against F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici , B35, B26 and B34 against P. ultimum, PB9 and PB14 against R. solani. In the in vivo tests the bacteria AB11, B34 and BL5 showed, in both trials, to control F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici on tomato. Among the fungi tested, the st
Valutazione dell'effetto di contenimento di patogeni terricoli su colture orticole allevate in vaso da parte di microrganismi isolati da compost
PENSA, PIETRO
2015/2016
Abstract
Soil-borne pathogens such as Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium ultimum and Fusarium oxysporum are among the main factors limiting the productivity of agro-ecosystems, and are often particularly difficult to manage by conventional control strategies. In recent years several studies have shown that compost, applied in the nursery and in the horticultural sectors as soil improver and as component of peat based growing media, can be very useful for controlling plant pathogens and alternative to chemicals. Among the mechanisms of action responsible for these effects of suppressions, it is assumed that the microflora present in compost contributes significantly, inhibiting the development of pathogens through the competition for nutrient resources and space, as well as, in certain cases, also through the production of enzymes. The aim of the thesis was to evaluate the antagonist activity of some microorganisms, bacteria and fungi, isolated from compost, in controlling soil-borne pathogens of major vegetable crops. The tested pathogens were: R. solani on bean, P. ultimum on cucumber and F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici on tomato. Microorganisms were isolated from three green composts (CO-SP, CO-HU and CO-IT) and afterwards they were cultivated on growth substrates in laboratory. The isolation was done with the technique of serial dilution and 83 bacteria and 6 fungi were isolated. The microorganisms were evaluated in vitro for their ability to inhibit the growth of pathogens. For the tests with bacteria, Petri plates of PDA without streptomycin were used to enable the development of the bacteria. Afterwards an agar disc inoculated with the pathogen and a bacterium strip were placed in the plate at a point equidistant from the centre. For tests with fungi, PDA plates with Streptomycin were used and an agar disc inoculated with the pathogen and a disc with the antagonistic fungi were placed equidistant from the centre. Afterwards the prepared plates were incubated at a temperature of 25 °C and after 7 days the zones of inhibition by the microorganisms isolated form compost were measured in the plates. Subsequently in vivo tests were carried out inside glass and steel greenhouses with controlled irrigation management and temperature, in which the microorganisms were inoculated in trays containing sterilized peat. After a week also the pathogen was inoculated. After seven days the pots were prepared with the peat substrate and 10 seeds of cucumber and 10 seeds of bean were sowed, while for the tomato trials 10 plants were transplanted. The plants were grown for about 3-4 weeks, after that the final evaluation was carried out. The parameters considered were: number of germinated plants, fresh weight of biomass, disease index and percentage of alive plants. At the end of the trials, data collected were subject to Anova statistical analysis in order to highlight which microorganisms were effective. Totally, 10 trials against R. solani on bean, 6 trials against P. ultimum on cucumber and 4 trials against F. oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici have been carrying out. In the in vitro tests 7 bacteria were able to inhibit the development of the pathogens, in particular: AB11, B11 were effective against F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici , B35, B26 and B34 against P. ultimum, PB9 and PB14 against R. solani. In the in vivo tests the bacteria AB11, B34 and BL5 showed, in both trials, to control F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici on tomato. Among the fungi tested, the stFile | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14240/23497