Nel corso della storia, i ruoli assegnati alle donne hanno subito trasformazioni significative, in particolare durante i periodi di conflitto. In tempi di pace e prima dello scoppio delle guerre civili in molti paesi africani, il ruolo delle donne era prevalentemente confinato alla sfera domestica, alla cura della famiglia e ad altre responsabilità imposte dalle norme sociali. Tuttavia, durante la guerra, questi ruoli convenzionali si espandono frequentemente, con le donne che assumono responsabilità tradizionalmente riservate agli uomini: lavorano nelle fabbriche e nei campi, servono nelle forze armate e svolgono funzioni di supporto essenziali. Nonostante questi cambiamenti, persiste una forte disparità: sebbene le donne partecipino attivamente al mantenimento delle comunità e contribuiscano agli sforzi bellici, loro stesse—e le problematiche che le riguardano specificamente—rimangono sistematicamente escluse dai negoziati di pace e dai processi di ricostruzione post-bellica. Questa tesi analizza criticamente il divario tra il ruolo attivo delle donne durante i conflitti e la loro esclusione dai processi di pace post-bellici. Attraverso un quadro analitico di genere, esplora le esperienze delle donne nei conflitti e nei processi di pace in Africa, con particolare attenzione al Darfur, in Sudan. Dal 2003, le donne in Darfur hanno subito violenze estreme, tra cui aggressioni sessuali sistematiche usate come tattica di guerra, gravidanze forzate, rapimenti, abusi sessuali e riduzione in schiavitù. I loro corpi sono stati trasformati in armi, strumenti per trasmettere messaggi di potere e controllo. Eppure, nonostante queste immense sfide, le donne darfuri rimangono resilienti, sostenendo le loro comunità, supportando le loro famiglie e impegnandosi in iniziative di pace a livello locale. Questa ricerca indaga i fattori che favoriscono la partecipazione attiva delle donne durante la guerra ma ostacolano la loro inclusione nei negoziati di pace. Si interroga sulle barriere strutturali e politiche che rafforzano l’esclusione di genere, come le norme patriarcali radicate, la natura elitaria dei processi di pace e l’incapacità dei quadri internazionali di garantire una rappresentanza significativa. Per me, la situazione in Darfur è profondamente personale—questa tesi non è solo un’impresa accademica, ma un’esplorazione di una storia da cui un tempo cercavo rifugio. Facendo luce sulle sfide più ampie affrontate dalle donne nelle regioni colpite dalla guerra in Sudan, questa ricerca sottolinea l'urgenza di smantellare l’esclusione sistemica e di promuovere processi di pace inclusivi. La partecipazione significativa delle donne nella governance post-conflitto, nei meccanismi di giustizia e nelle iniziative di sviluppo non è solo un imperativo morale, ma un prerequisito essenziale per la costruzione di società sostenibili ed eque.
Throughout history, the roles assigned to women have undergone significant transformations, particularly during periods of conflict. In times of peace and before the outbreak of civil wars in many African countries, women’s roles were largely confined to the domestic sphere, caregiving, and other responsibilities dictated by societal norms. However, during wartime, these conventional roles frequently expand as women assume responsibilities traditionally held by men—working in factories and farms, serving in the military, and taking on vital support functions. Despite these shifts, a stark disparity persists: while women actively participate in sustaining communities and contributing to war efforts, they—and the issues specifically affecting them—remain systematically excluded from peace negotiations and post-conflict reconstruction processes. This thesis critically examines the gap between women’s active roles during wartime and their exclusion from post-war peacebuilding efforts. Utilizing a gendered analytical framework, it explores women’s experiences in conflicts and peace processes across Africa, with a particular focus on Darfur, Sudan. Since 2003, women in Darfur have endured extreme violence, including systematic sexual assault as a tactic of war, forced pregnancies, abductions, sexual abuse, and enslavement. Their bodies have been weaponized—used to convey messages of power and control. Yet, despite these immense challenges, Darfuri women have remained resilient, sustaining their communities, supporting their families, and engaging in grassroots peace efforts. This research investigates the factors that drive women’s active participation in wartime yet hinder their inclusion in peace negotiations. It interrogates the structural and political barriers that reinforce gendered exclusion, such as entrenched patriarchal norms, the elite-driven nature of peace processes, and the failure of international frameworks to ensure meaningful representation. For me, the situation in Darfur is deeply personal—this thesis is not merely an academic endeavor but an exploration of a history from which I once sought refuge. It represents a journey toward contributing to future peacemaking efforts and advocating for gender-sensitive approaches to conflict resolution and post-war reconstruction. By shedding light on the broader challenges faced by women in war-affected regions across Sudan, this research underscores the urgency of dismantling systemic exclusion and fostering inclusive peace processes. The meaningful participation of women in post-conflict governance, justice mechanisms, and development initiatives is not only a moral imperative but a crucial prerequisite for building sustainable and equitable societies.
The gendered cost of war: A feminist analysis of women's evolving roles in conflict and peace negotiations in Darfur
ABDALLA, ENASS
2023/2024
Abstract
Throughout history, the roles assigned to women have undergone significant transformations, particularly during periods of conflict. In times of peace and before the outbreak of civil wars in many African countries, women’s roles were largely confined to the domestic sphere, caregiving, and other responsibilities dictated by societal norms. However, during wartime, these conventional roles frequently expand as women assume responsibilities traditionally held by men—working in factories and farms, serving in the military, and taking on vital support functions. Despite these shifts, a stark disparity persists: while women actively participate in sustaining communities and contributing to war efforts, they—and the issues specifically affecting them—remain systematically excluded from peace negotiations and post-conflict reconstruction processes. This thesis critically examines the gap between women’s active roles during wartime and their exclusion from post-war peacebuilding efforts. Utilizing a gendered analytical framework, it explores women’s experiences in conflicts and peace processes across Africa, with a particular focus on Darfur, Sudan. Since 2003, women in Darfur have endured extreme violence, including systematic sexual assault as a tactic of war, forced pregnancies, abductions, sexual abuse, and enslavement. Their bodies have been weaponized—used to convey messages of power and control. Yet, despite these immense challenges, Darfuri women have remained resilient, sustaining their communities, supporting their families, and engaging in grassroots peace efforts. This research investigates the factors that drive women’s active participation in wartime yet hinder their inclusion in peace negotiations. It interrogates the structural and political barriers that reinforce gendered exclusion, such as entrenched patriarchal norms, the elite-driven nature of peace processes, and the failure of international frameworks to ensure meaningful representation. For me, the situation in Darfur is deeply personal—this thesis is not merely an academic endeavor but an exploration of a history from which I once sought refuge. It represents a journey toward contributing to future peacemaking efforts and advocating for gender-sensitive approaches to conflict resolution and post-war reconstruction. By shedding light on the broader challenges faced by women in war-affected regions across Sudan, this research underscores the urgency of dismantling systemic exclusion and fostering inclusive peace processes. The meaningful participation of women in post-conflict governance, justice mechanisms, and development initiatives is not only a moral imperative but a crucial prerequisite for building sustainable and equitable societies.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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The gendered cost of war- Women’s evolving roles in conflict and peace negotiations in Darfur.pdf
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Descrizione: Enass Abdalla - Master thesis
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14240/161730