Lo scopo di questa tesi è di fornire una revisione dello stato attuale delle conoscenze relative alla formazione del difetto di luce (DDL) nel vino bianco. Questa review si concentra sui meccanismi coinvolti nella formazione del DDL e sulle strategie enologiche atte a limitarne la comparsa. Il DDL è un'alterazione olfattiva che può apparire nel vino bianco imbottigliato in bottiglie di vetro trasparente esposto alla luce. La reazione coinvolge la riboflavina (RF), un composto fotosensibile, e la metionina. L'esposizione alla luce può causare la formazione di metantiolo (MeSH) e dimetildisolfuro (DMDS). Questi composti sono altamente volatili e caratterizzati da note olfattive descritte come cavolo cotto, cipolla e uova marce. La concentrazione di RF nel mosto è trascurabile ed aumenta in modo significativo dopo la fermentazione alcolica a causa del metabolismo dei lieviti. La scelta dei ceppi di lievito basso produttori di RF rappresenta una strategia efficace per la prevenzione del DDL, dal momento che la quantità di RF rilasciata nel vino è una caratteristica ceppo-dipendente. Inoltre, i nutrienti a base di frazioni del lievito, addizionati al mosto per garantire il regolare andamento della fermentazione alcolica, possono essere una fonte di RF. Pertanto, al fine di limitare la concentrazione di RF nel vino, l'aggiunta di tali nutrienti deve essere controllata. La rimozione di RF nel vino può essere ottenuta attraverso l'uso dei chiarificanti, come bentonite o carbone attivo. Recenti studi mostrano che il trattamento con bentonite porta ad una diminuzione di RF di circa 25%, mentre con il carbone attivo è di circa il 70%. Questi coadiuvanti non hanno dei siti attivi specifici per la RF e potrebbero causare l'impoverimento aromatico del vino. Di conseguenza, la loro aggiunta richiede un attento dosaggio. È stato recentemente osservato che l'uso dei tannini idrolizzabili previene la comparsa del DDL. I tannini idrolizzabili possono diminuire significativamente la concentrazione di MeSH e DMDS e quindi limitare la percezione di DDL. L'impiego di vetro colorato, come ambrato o verde scuro, svolge un importante ruolo di protezione perché può assorbire la luce proteggendo così il vino dalle lunghezze d'onda che causano l'eccitazione di RF. In queste condizioni di conservazione, i vini sviluppano il difetto dopo un tempo più lungo e il DDL risulta meno percepibile. È stato effettuato uno studio preliminare atto a caratterizzare la composizione di quindici tannini commerciali. Questa attività fa parte del progetto Enofotoshield, il cui scopo è individuare i tannini enologici che possano prevenire la formazione del DDL. I tannini analizzati avevano origini vegetali differenti e appartenevano sia al gruppo dei tannini idrolizzabili che condensati. L'indice di polifenoli totali (IPT) determinato con il reattivo di Folin-Ciocalteu, era il più alto per i tannini di galla, cosi come l'attività antiossidante, determinata con il saggio DPPH. Considerando il rapporto capacità antiossidante/IPT, i valori più elevati sono stati osservati per tutti i tannini ellagici e gallici. Gli studi futuri sono necessari per ottenere una composizione dei tannini commerciali più dettagliata, e per valutare la loro capacità di prevenire il DDL. Sarà inoltre chiarita la possibile relazione tra la composizione dei tannini e il loro effetto protettivo contro la comparsa del DDL.
The aim of this thesis was to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge about the light-struck taste (LST) fault occurring in white wine. This review focuses on detailed reaction mechanisms involved in the defect formation, and strategies aimed to limit its development. LST is a defect that can appear in white wine bottled in colourless glass and exposed to light. The reaction comprises riboflavin (RF) as photosensitizer and methionine. Methanethiol (MeSH) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) are formed as a consequence of methionine degradation. Both these compounds are highly volatile and characterised by olfactory notes reminding cooked cabbage, onion and rotten egg. Few technological approaches have been studied to prevent LST formation, which include microbiological, oenological and packaging-related strategies. RF concentration in grape must is negligible, but it significantly increases after the alcoholic fermentation because of the yeast metabolism. The proper choice of fermenting yeast strain producing low amounts of RF represents an effective strategy, as the quantity of released RF is a strain-dependent feature. Attention should be given to the addition of yeast-based nutrients ensuring the regular fermentation trend, since they can contribute to the RF concentration in the resulting wine. RF depletion can also be achieved by its removal with fining agents, such as bentonite or charcoal. Recent studies demonstrated that bentonite depleted about 25% of RF in wine, while charcoal was able to remove 70% of RF. However, these adjuvants do not have specific active sites for RF depletion. Therefore, they should be used with concentration that can pauperize the desired odour complexity of wine and, consequently, their addition requires an attentive dosage. Recently, the use of hydrolysable tannins also showed to be effective. It was proved that hydrolysable tannins can significantly decrease the concentration of both MeSH and DMDS, thus limiting LST perception. From the packaging point of view, the choice of different glass colours, such as the amber and dark green, is important as the coloured glass can shield wine from the harmful light wavelengths. In these storage conditions, wines developed the fault after a longer time of light exposure or only to a minor extend. Preliminary characterization of fifteen commercial tannins was carried out in terms of total phenols and their antioxidant capacity. This activity was one of the tasks of Enofotoshield project which aim is to find the most promising oenological tannins able to prevent LST formation. The investigated tannins were of different origin and belonged to both hydrolysable and condensed tannins. Total phenol index (TPI), determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, was the highest in tannins originated from nut gall as well as the antioxidant capacity determined by a DPPH assay. Considering the ratio antioxidant capacity/TPI, its values were the highest for all ellagitannins and gallotannins. Future studies are required to achieve a more detailed composition of the commercial tannins as well as their ability to prevent LST. The possible relation existing between the composition of tannins and their protective effect against LST occurrence will also be clarified.
TECNICHE INNOVATIVE E DI RECENTE APPLICAZIONE PER LA PREVENZIONE DEL DIFETTO DI LUCE NEL VINO
PALMOWSKA, NATALIA SABINA
2019/2020
Abstract
The aim of this thesis was to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge about the light-struck taste (LST) fault occurring in white wine. This review focuses on detailed reaction mechanisms involved in the defect formation, and strategies aimed to limit its development. LST is a defect that can appear in white wine bottled in colourless glass and exposed to light. The reaction comprises riboflavin (RF) as photosensitizer and methionine. Methanethiol (MeSH) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) are formed as a consequence of methionine degradation. Both these compounds are highly volatile and characterised by olfactory notes reminding cooked cabbage, onion and rotten egg. Few technological approaches have been studied to prevent LST formation, which include microbiological, oenological and packaging-related strategies. RF concentration in grape must is negligible, but it significantly increases after the alcoholic fermentation because of the yeast metabolism. The proper choice of fermenting yeast strain producing low amounts of RF represents an effective strategy, as the quantity of released RF is a strain-dependent feature. Attention should be given to the addition of yeast-based nutrients ensuring the regular fermentation trend, since they can contribute to the RF concentration in the resulting wine. RF depletion can also be achieved by its removal with fining agents, such as bentonite or charcoal. Recent studies demonstrated that bentonite depleted about 25% of RF in wine, while charcoal was able to remove 70% of RF. However, these adjuvants do not have specific active sites for RF depletion. Therefore, they should be used with concentration that can pauperize the desired odour complexity of wine and, consequently, their addition requires an attentive dosage. Recently, the use of hydrolysable tannins also showed to be effective. It was proved that hydrolysable tannins can significantly decrease the concentration of both MeSH and DMDS, thus limiting LST perception. From the packaging point of view, the choice of different glass colours, such as the amber and dark green, is important as the coloured glass can shield wine from the harmful light wavelengths. In these storage conditions, wines developed the fault after a longer time of light exposure or only to a minor extend. Preliminary characterization of fifteen commercial tannins was carried out in terms of total phenols and their antioxidant capacity. This activity was one of the tasks of Enofotoshield project which aim is to find the most promising oenological tannins able to prevent LST formation. The investigated tannins were of different origin and belonged to both hydrolysable and condensed tannins. Total phenol index (TPI), determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, was the highest in tannins originated from nut gall as well as the antioxidant capacity determined by a DPPH assay. Considering the ratio antioxidant capacity/TPI, its values were the highest for all ellagitannins and gallotannins. Future studies are required to achieve a more detailed composition of the commercial tannins as well as their ability to prevent LST. The possible relation existing between the composition of tannins and their protective effect against LST occurrence will also be clarified.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14240/155101