Il marciume delle castagne causato dal fungo patogeno Gnomoniopsis castaneae è una malattia emergente in gran parte dell'areale di distribuzione del castagno in Europa, Asia ed America. Non è nota la distribuzione stagionale della pressione di inoculo (da ora p.i.) del patogeno e non è noto se e in quale misura tale p.i. sia influenzata dal clima. Poiché G. castaneae è un ascomicete che infetta per via aerea con le sue spore il fiore del castagno, la quantificazione dell'inoculo aereo nei diversi periodi dell'anno è fondamentale sia a livello teorico, sia in vista di applicazioni pratiche. Con questo lavoro è stata determinata la p.i. di G. castaneae su base stagionale e intra-stagionale studiando le relazioni con alcuni parametri climatici. Sono state posizionate trappole captaspore passive in tre siti di studio in Piemonte: 14 a Peveragno, 14 a Susa e 14 a Gaiola, esposte in castagneto 15-30 giorni, sostituendole poi regolarmente con altre. I 35 campionamenti delle trappole sono avvenuti nel corso di due anni consecutivi. La p.i. è stata quantificata in laboratorio estraendo il DNA genomico totale, seguita da analisi condotte con RT-PCR. L'andamento della p.i. di G. castaneae è stato analizzato per identificare l'eventuale presenza di pattern stagionali ricorrenti. Inoltre, il potenziale effetto delle temperature medie e delle precipitazioni dei 30 giorni antecedenti il campionamento sulla p.i. è stato saggiato con analisi di correlazione e adattamento di modelli di regressione non lineare. Mediamente, la p.i. di G. castaneae si è attestata su valori di 205 spore·m-2·h-1 a Peveragno, 765 spore·m-2·h-1 a Susa e 197 spore·m-2·h-1 a Gaiola. La p.i. ha mostrato una notevole variabilità tra siti ma non un'evidente stagionalità. Sebbene nei tre siti il minimo della p.i. sia stato mediamente registrato nel periodo invernale (con valori di 15 spore·m-2·h-1 per Peveragno, 44 spore·m-2·h-1 per Susa e 29 spore·m-2·h-1 per Gaiola), i picchi massimi hanno interessato il periodo autunnale a Peveragno con 439 spore·m-2·h-1 e Gaiola con 414 spore·m-2·h-1 e il periodo estivo a Susa con valore di 1407 spore·m-2·h-1. Le analisi di correlazione hanno evidenziato un'associazione positiva e significativa (P < 0,05) tra temperature medie e p.i. di G. castaneae. Di contro, non è emersa alcuna correlazione significativa (P > 0,05) tra precipitazioni e p.i. I modelli di regressione non lineare hanno mostrato che le temperature medie sono in grado di predire in modo affidabile l'andamento della p.i. del patogeno. L'andamento delle curve di regressione suggerisce che l'incremento della p.i. è importante oltre i 10-15°C. Solo a Gaiola non sono state riscontrate correlazioni significative tra temperature e p.i. presumibilmente per via della bassa incidenza della malattia. Durante il primo anno di campionamento, l'incidenza della malattia nelle castagne si è attestata quasi al 60% a Peveragno, al 40% a Susa e al 5% a Gaiola. L'anno successivo ha raggiunto livelli del 40% a Susa, del 5% a Gaiola mentre a Peveragno non sono state riscontrate castagne infette. In conclusione, questo lavoro ha permesso di ottenere per la prima volta dati quantitativi in merito alla p.i. di G. castaneae, evidenziando come questa sia predicibile non in base alla stagione, ma piuttosto in funzione delle temperature medie. La disponibilità di modelli previsionali per la stima della p.i. di G. castaneae potrebbe trovare utile impiego nella valutazione del rischio di infezione.
Chestnut rot caused by the pathogenic fungus Gnomoniopsis castaneae is an emerging disease of chestnut in Europe, Asia, Australasia and America. The seasonal distribution of the inoculum pressure of the pathogen and if and to to what extent this inoculum pressure is influenced by the climate are unknown. As G. castaneae is an ascomycetes that infects by aerial way the chestnut flower with its spores, the quantification of the aerial inoculum at different times of the year is fundamental both theoretically and practical applications. By this work, the inoculum pressure of G. castaneae has been determined on a seasonal and intra-seasonal basis, studying the relationships with some climatic parameters. Passive traps were placed in three study sites in Piedmont: 14 in Peveragno, 14 in Susa and 14 in Gaiola, exposed in chestnut groves 15-30 days At the end of each period, spore traps were sampled and replaced with new ones, until 35 samplings were conducted over a timeframe of two consecutive years. The inoculum pressure was quantified in the laboratory by extracting the total genomic DNA, followed by analysis with RT-PCR. The inoculum pressure was expressed as deposition rate (DR) in spores·m-2·h-1. The trend of the DR of G. castaneae was analyzed by seeking for the presence of recurrent seasonal patterns In addition, the effect on the DR of the mean temperatures and precipitations of the 30 days prior to sampling was tested through correlation analyses and non-linear regression models. On average, the inoculum pressure of G. castaneae was 205 spore·m-2·h-1 at Peveragno, 765 spore·m-2·h-1 at Susa and 197 spore·m-2·h-1 at Gaiola. showed a remarkable variability between sites but not an evident seasonality. Although on average the lowest DR values occurred over the winter period (with values of 15 spore·m-2·h-1 for Peveragno, 44 spore- spore·m-2·h-1 for Susa and 29 spore·m-2·h-1 for Gaiola), the maximum peaks were displayed either at fall in Peveragno with 439 spore·m-2·h-1 and Gaiola with 414 spore·m-2·h-1 or summer in Susa with 1407 spore·m-2·h-1. Positive and significant correlations (P < 0.05) were detected between the mean temperatures and the DR of G. castaneae. Conversely, no significant correlations (P > 0.05) between precipitations and DR were found. Non-linear regression models showed that the average temperatures of the 30 days prior to sampling were reliable predictors of the pathogen DR. The trend of the regression curves suggested that the raise of the inoculum pressure was particularly steep with mean temperatures above 10-15°C. No significant correlations (P > 0.05) between temperatures and DR were found in Gaiola, probably in relation to the low incidence of the disease. At harvesting time of the first sampling year, the incidence of the nut rot caused by G. castaneae was almost 60% in Peveragno, 40% in Susa, and 5% in Gaiola. The following year, the incidence reached 40% in Susa, 5% in Gaiola, while no infected nuts were found in Peveragno. In conclusion, this work provides for the first time quantitative data on the inoculum pressure of G. castaneae, pointing out that the spores deposition rate is predictable based on the average temperatures rather than on the season. In perspective, predictive models appraising the inoculum pressure of G. castaneae could be usefully used in the assessment of the risk of infection.
Analisi della pressione di inoculo stagionale del fungo fitopatogeno Gnomoniopsis castaneae mediante metodi molecolari in alcuni castagneti del Piemonte
DIPOPPA, RICCARDO
2018/2019
Abstract
Chestnut rot caused by the pathogenic fungus Gnomoniopsis castaneae is an emerging disease of chestnut in Europe, Asia, Australasia and America. The seasonal distribution of the inoculum pressure of the pathogen and if and to to what extent this inoculum pressure is influenced by the climate are unknown. As G. castaneae is an ascomycetes that infects by aerial way the chestnut flower with its spores, the quantification of the aerial inoculum at different times of the year is fundamental both theoretically and practical applications. By this work, the inoculum pressure of G. castaneae has been determined on a seasonal and intra-seasonal basis, studying the relationships with some climatic parameters. Passive traps were placed in three study sites in Piedmont: 14 in Peveragno, 14 in Susa and 14 in Gaiola, exposed in chestnut groves 15-30 days At the end of each period, spore traps were sampled and replaced with new ones, until 35 samplings were conducted over a timeframe of two consecutive years. The inoculum pressure was quantified in the laboratory by extracting the total genomic DNA, followed by analysis with RT-PCR. The inoculum pressure was expressed as deposition rate (DR) in spores·m-2·h-1. The trend of the DR of G. castaneae was analyzed by seeking for the presence of recurrent seasonal patterns In addition, the effect on the DR of the mean temperatures and precipitations of the 30 days prior to sampling was tested through correlation analyses and non-linear regression models. On average, the inoculum pressure of G. castaneae was 205 spore·m-2·h-1 at Peveragno, 765 spore·m-2·h-1 at Susa and 197 spore·m-2·h-1 at Gaiola. showed a remarkable variability between sites but not an evident seasonality. Although on average the lowest DR values occurred over the winter period (with values of 15 spore·m-2·h-1 for Peveragno, 44 spore- spore·m-2·h-1 for Susa and 29 spore·m-2·h-1 for Gaiola), the maximum peaks were displayed either at fall in Peveragno with 439 spore·m-2·h-1 and Gaiola with 414 spore·m-2·h-1 or summer in Susa with 1407 spore·m-2·h-1. Positive and significant correlations (P < 0.05) were detected between the mean temperatures and the DR of G. castaneae. Conversely, no significant correlations (P > 0.05) between precipitations and DR were found. Non-linear regression models showed that the average temperatures of the 30 days prior to sampling were reliable predictors of the pathogen DR. The trend of the regression curves suggested that the raise of the inoculum pressure was particularly steep with mean temperatures above 10-15°C. No significant correlations (P > 0.05) between temperatures and DR were found in Gaiola, probably in relation to the low incidence of the disease. At harvesting time of the first sampling year, the incidence of the nut rot caused by G. castaneae was almost 60% in Peveragno, 40% in Susa, and 5% in Gaiola. The following year, the incidence reached 40% in Susa, 5% in Gaiola, while no infected nuts were found in Peveragno. In conclusion, this work provides for the first time quantitative data on the inoculum pressure of G. castaneae, pointing out that the spores deposition rate is predictable based on the average temperatures rather than on the season. In perspective, predictive models appraising the inoculum pressure of G. castaneae could be usefully used in the assessment of the risk of infection.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14240/148213