Visto l'aumentato interesse nel ridurre gli agrofarmaci in agricoltura, le pratiche di lotta biologica stanno guadagnando una considerevole importanza. Una delle misure principali di lotta biologica consiste nell'uso di antagonisti microbici che reprimano lo sviluppo dei patogeni, questi organismi sono chiamati anche agenti di lotta biologica. Il meccanismo d'azione degli antagonisti include la competizione per lo spazio e per le sostanze nutritizie, l'induzione di resistenza nella pianta ospite, l'antibiosi e la lisi della parete cellulare dei patogeni attraverso la produzione di enzimi litici. Normalmente più di un meccanismo può essere messo in atto da un antagonista in diverse condizioni, a seconda delle sue interazioni con ospite, patogeni e altri organismi. A causa di questa complessità, lo studio del meccanismo d'azione è la fase principale, dopo l'isolamento dell'antagonista, per sviluppare un agente di lotta biologica per usi commerciali. In questo lavoro sono stati considerati i lieviti Pichia guilliermondii, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Metschnikowia fructicola e il fungo Aureobasidium pullulans, inizialmente isolati e selezionati per le loro proprietà antagoniste nei confronti di diversi patogeni post-raccolta. Partendo dall'osservazione che l'estratto enzimatico grezzo prodotto da questi antagonisti mostrava un'alta attività inibitoria della crescita dei patogeni post-raccolta in vitro, è stata studiata la produzione di enzimi idrolitici. Un gene codificante per una exo-1,3-beta-glucanasi, chiamato PgExg1, è stato amplificato dal DNA genomico di P. guilliermondii ceppo M8, analogamente è stato amplificato un gene codificante per una proteasi alcalina chiamato ALP5 dal DNA di A. pullulans ceppo PL5. Dal DNA di Metschnikowia pulcherrima ceppo MACH1 e Metschnikowia fructicola ceppo AP47 sono stati invece amplificati due geni codificanti per chitinasi, chiamati MpChi1 and MfChi1 rispettivamente. I geni PgExg1 e ALP5, MpChi1 and MfChi1 sono stati caratterizzati e clonati in un vettore adatto all'espressione in Escherichia coli BL21, inoltre il gene ALP5 è stato anche espresso in Pichia pastoris KM71, allo scopo di ottenere una migliore espressione essendo un sistema di espressione eucariotico. Gli enzimi ricombinanti, in particolare la proteasi e la exo-1,3-beta-glucanasi, identificate mediante Western-blotting e purificate mediante cromatografia ad affinità, sono state saggiate per la loro attività antifungina nei confronti di alcuni agenti patogeni post-raccolta. In conclusione, questo lavoro ha contribuito a chiarire il meccanismo di azione di quattro agenti di biocontrollo, A. pullulans ceppo PL5, P. guilliermondii ceppo M8, M. pulcherrima ceppo MACH1 e M. fructicola ceppo AP47. I risultati dimostrano che gli enzimi litici secreti da questi antagonisti, hanno un ruolo importante nell'attività di lotta biologica.
With the growing interest in reducing the use of chemicals and pesticides in agriculture, biological control practices are gaining a great importance. One of the main biocontrol measures consists of using microbial antagonists to suppress pests or pathogens, these organisms are called biocontrol agents (BCAs). The mechanisms of action of BCAs include competition for space and nutrients, induction of host resistance, antibiosis, mycoparasitism and lysis of cell wall of pathogens through the production of lytic enzymes. Usually more than one mechanism can be used by the same antagonist in different conditions, depending on its interactions between host, pathogens and other organisms. Because of this complexity, the study of the mechanisms of action is the main phase, after the isolation of the organism, in order to develop a biocontrol agent for commercial usage. In this work the yeasts Pichia guilliermondii, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Metschnikowia fructicola and the yeast-like fungus Aureobasidium pullulans, initially isolated and selected for their antagonistic properties against different postharvest pathogens on fruits, have been studied. Starting from the observation that the extracted crude enzymes produced by these antagonists showed a high activity in inhibiting the growth of postharvest pathogens in vitro, the production of hydrolytic enzymes was investigated. An exo-1,3-beta-glucanase gene, named as PgExg1, was amplified from the genomic DNA of P. guilliermondii strain M8, likewise an alkaline protease gene named as ALP5 was amplified from the genomic DNA of A. pullulans strain PL5. At the same time, two chitinase genes named as MpChi1 and MfChi1 were amplified from the DNA of Metschnikowia pulcherrima strain MACH1 and Metschnikowia fructicola strain AP47 respectively. Hydrolase genes PgExg1, ALP5, MpChi1 and MfChi1 were characterized and cloned in an appropriate vector for the expression in in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Moreover, ALP5 gene was also expressed in Pichia pastoris strain KM71, in order to achieve a better expression being a eukaryotic expression system. The recombinant alkaline ptotease and exo-1,3-beta-glucanase, identified with Western-blotting and purified with Ni-NTA, were tested for their antifungal activity against some postharvest pathogens. In conclusion, this work helped to elucidate the mechanism of action of four biocontrol agents, A. pullulans strain PL5, P. guilliermondii strain M8, M. pulcherrima strain MACH1 and M. fructicola strain AP47. The results demonstrate that the lytic enzymes secreted by these antagonists, have an important role in the biocontrol activity.
Enzimi idrolitici da antagonisti microbici per la lotta biologica in post raccolta
VALENTE, SILVIA
2014/2015
Abstract
With the growing interest in reducing the use of chemicals and pesticides in agriculture, biological control practices are gaining a great importance. One of the main biocontrol measures consists of using microbial antagonists to suppress pests or pathogens, these organisms are called biocontrol agents (BCAs). The mechanisms of action of BCAs include competition for space and nutrients, induction of host resistance, antibiosis, mycoparasitism and lysis of cell wall of pathogens through the production of lytic enzymes. Usually more than one mechanism can be used by the same antagonist in different conditions, depending on its interactions between host, pathogens and other organisms. Because of this complexity, the study of the mechanisms of action is the main phase, after the isolation of the organism, in order to develop a biocontrol agent for commercial usage. In this work the yeasts Pichia guilliermondii, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Metschnikowia fructicola and the yeast-like fungus Aureobasidium pullulans, initially isolated and selected for their antagonistic properties against different postharvest pathogens on fruits, have been studied. Starting from the observation that the extracted crude enzymes produced by these antagonists showed a high activity in inhibiting the growth of postharvest pathogens in vitro, the production of hydrolytic enzymes was investigated. An exo-1,3-beta-glucanase gene, named as PgExg1, was amplified from the genomic DNA of P. guilliermondii strain M8, likewise an alkaline protease gene named as ALP5 was amplified from the genomic DNA of A. pullulans strain PL5. At the same time, two chitinase genes named as MpChi1 and MfChi1 were amplified from the DNA of Metschnikowia pulcherrima strain MACH1 and Metschnikowia fructicola strain AP47 respectively. Hydrolase genes PgExg1, ALP5, MpChi1 and MfChi1 were characterized and cloned in an appropriate vector for the expression in in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Moreover, ALP5 gene was also expressed in Pichia pastoris strain KM71, in order to achieve a better expression being a eukaryotic expression system. The recombinant alkaline ptotease and exo-1,3-beta-glucanase, identified with Western-blotting and purified with Ni-NTA, were tested for their antifungal activity against some postharvest pathogens. In conclusion, this work helped to elucidate the mechanism of action of four biocontrol agents, A. pullulans strain PL5, P. guilliermondii strain M8, M. pulcherrima strain MACH1 and M. fructicola strain AP47. The results demonstrate that the lytic enzymes secreted by these antagonists, have an important role in the biocontrol activity.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14240/117937