Gli interferenti endocrini (IE) sono sostanze naturali o esogene che possono interferire con il sistema endocrino e produrre effetti negativi sullo sviluppo, sul sistema riproduttivo, sui processi metabolici, sul sistema immunitario, o avere effetti neurologici. Si possono trovare in molti prodotti di uso quotidiano, comprese le bottiglie di plastica, lattine di metallo, packaging degli alimenti, detergenti, giocattoli, cosmetici e pesticidi. Tra gli interferenti endocrini, gli interferenti metabolici, sono in grado di alterare i processi metabolici e l'omeostasi del tessuto adiposo, legandosi a vari recettori, tra cui PPARs (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors), RXRs (Retinoid X Receptors) e LXRs (Liver X Receptors). Lo scopo del mio lavoro di tesi è stato testare gli effetti ¿obesogenici¿ di un sottogruppo di presunti interferenti endocrini sulla deposizione lipidica e sull'espressione di geni coinvolti nel differenziamento della linea cellulare di preadipociti 3T3-L1. E' stato inoltre verificato se questi interferenti endocrini potessero determinare una perturbazione del sistema endocannabinoide, uno dei principali sistemi coinvolti nella regolazione dell'appetito e in generale del metabolismo. Sono stati quindi selezionati alcuni plastificanti potenzialmente obesogeni in base ad un'analisi in silico che ha valutato la loro affinità per i recettori metabolici PPARγ e RXRα. Sono state scelte le seguenti molecole: Bisfenolo A (BPA), gli ftalati DiNP e DiDP, il benzoato DEGDB e l'ortofosfato TMCP; come controllo positivo è stato utilizzato il rosiglitazone, un noto agonista di PPARγ. Tutte le molecole testate, in un range di concentrazioni da 10 nM a 25 μM, sono risultate in grado di aumentare la deposizione lipidica nelle cellule 3T3-L1, come valutato mediante il saggio colorimetrico Oil-Red O (ORO), indicando un effetto pro-obesogenico di questi composti sulla linea cellulare adipocitaria. Al fine di chiarire i meccanismi intracellulari alla base dell'effetto pro-obesogenico dei plastificanti nei pre-adipociti, abbiamo analizzato l'espressione di geni specifici dell'adipogenesi come CEBPβ, PPARγ2, RXRα, FABP4, LPL e FAS mediante Real-Time qPCR dopo 2, 4 o 8 giorni dall'induzione del differenziamento adipocitario. Il trattamento con gli interferenti endocrini ha effettivamente modificato in maniera significativa l'espressione di alcuni di questi geni. Abbiamo inoltre dimostrato che il recettore per i cannabinoidi CB1 e l'enzima di degradazione degli endocannabinoidi FAAH sono espressi nella linea cellulare 3T3-L1 e gli interferenti endocrini testati sono in grado di modularne l'espressione. In conclusione, i dati da me ottenuti suggeriscono che i plastificanti, presenti in prodotti di uso quotidiano, possono esercitare effetti obesogenici sui preadipociti, evidenziando l'importanza di un attento monitoraggio dei contaminanti alimentari e ambientali al fine di preservare la salute umana.
Endocrine disruptor compounds (EDCs) are natural or man-made substances that act by interfering with the endocrine system and have adverse developmental, reproductive, metabolic, neurological, and immune effects. EDCs may be found in many everyday products, including plastic bottles, metal food cans, detergents, food packaging, toys, cosmetics, and pesticides. EDCs, namely ¿metabolic disruptors¿, may alter the metabolic processes, having, for example, effects on adipose tissue homeostasis. EDCs can interfere with classical adipogenesis pathways by binding to many metabolic nuclear receptors such as Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs), Retinoid X Receptors (RXRs), and Liver X Receptors (LXRs). The aim of my work was to test the ¿obesogenic¿ effects of a set of putative EDCs by evaluating their effect on lipid deposition and on the gene expression of markers related to adipocyte differentiation, using the pre-adipocyte 3T3-L1 cell line. Also, the possible EDC-induced perturbation of the endocannabinoid system, a well-known system implicated in the regulation of feeding and metabolism, was analyzed. First of all, a set of plasticizers (plastic additives) were selected and identified as putative EDCs based on their predicted affinity for metabolic receptors such as PPARγ and RXRα, as indicated by in silico analysis. The molecules chosen were: Bisphenol A (BPA, a known pro-adipogenic compound), the phthalates Diisononyl Phthalate (DiNP) and Diisodecyl Phthalate (DiDP), the benzoate Diethylene Glycol Dibenzoate (DEGDB), and the organophosphate tri-meta-cresyl phosphate (TMCP); rosiglitazone, a known PPARγ agonist, was also used. Interestingly, all the molecules, at concentrations ranging from 10 nM to 25 μM, were able to enhance intracellular lipids accumulation in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, as evaluated by using the colorimetric assay Oil-Red O (ORO) staining, thus indicating a pro-obesogenic effect of these EDCs on 3T3-L1 cell line. In the effort to elucidate the mechanisms of action of the plasticizers, the expression of marker genes such as CEBPβ, PPARγ2, RXRα, FABP4, LPL and FAS was analysed in 3T3-L1 cells by Real-Time qPCR at different time points (2, 4 or 8 days after the induction of the adipocyte differentiation). The treatment with EDCs significantly modified the expression of some of these genes. Finally, the expression of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and the endocannabinoid degrading enzyme FAAH was demonstrated in 3T3-L1 cells by RT-PCR. A possible EDC-mediated modulation of the endocannabinoid system was then investigated by Real-Time qPCR and a reduction of FAAH expression was actually found in 3T3-L1 cells. Taken together, our data suggest that plasticizers present in everyday products may exert an ¿obesogenic¿ effect on the pre-adipocytes 3T3-L1 cells, thus highlighting the importance of monitoring food and environmental contaminants to preserve human health.
Effetti obesogenici dei plasticizzanti: studio in vitro sulla linea pre-adipocitaria 3T3-L1
MIGLIORE, MATTIA
2015/2016
Abstract
Endocrine disruptor compounds (EDCs) are natural or man-made substances that act by interfering with the endocrine system and have adverse developmental, reproductive, metabolic, neurological, and immune effects. EDCs may be found in many everyday products, including plastic bottles, metal food cans, detergents, food packaging, toys, cosmetics, and pesticides. EDCs, namely ¿metabolic disruptors¿, may alter the metabolic processes, having, for example, effects on adipose tissue homeostasis. EDCs can interfere with classical adipogenesis pathways by binding to many metabolic nuclear receptors such as Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs), Retinoid X Receptors (RXRs), and Liver X Receptors (LXRs). The aim of my work was to test the ¿obesogenic¿ effects of a set of putative EDCs by evaluating their effect on lipid deposition and on the gene expression of markers related to adipocyte differentiation, using the pre-adipocyte 3T3-L1 cell line. Also, the possible EDC-induced perturbation of the endocannabinoid system, a well-known system implicated in the regulation of feeding and metabolism, was analyzed. First of all, a set of plasticizers (plastic additives) were selected and identified as putative EDCs based on their predicted affinity for metabolic receptors such as PPARγ and RXRα, as indicated by in silico analysis. The molecules chosen were: Bisphenol A (BPA, a known pro-adipogenic compound), the phthalates Diisononyl Phthalate (DiNP) and Diisodecyl Phthalate (DiDP), the benzoate Diethylene Glycol Dibenzoate (DEGDB), and the organophosphate tri-meta-cresyl phosphate (TMCP); rosiglitazone, a known PPARγ agonist, was also used. Interestingly, all the molecules, at concentrations ranging from 10 nM to 25 μM, were able to enhance intracellular lipids accumulation in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, as evaluated by using the colorimetric assay Oil-Red O (ORO) staining, thus indicating a pro-obesogenic effect of these EDCs on 3T3-L1 cell line. In the effort to elucidate the mechanisms of action of the plasticizers, the expression of marker genes such as CEBPβ, PPARγ2, RXRα, FABP4, LPL and FAS was analysed in 3T3-L1 cells by Real-Time qPCR at different time points (2, 4 or 8 days after the induction of the adipocyte differentiation). The treatment with EDCs significantly modified the expression of some of these genes. Finally, the expression of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and the endocannabinoid degrading enzyme FAAH was demonstrated in 3T3-L1 cells by RT-PCR. A possible EDC-mediated modulation of the endocannabinoid system was then investigated by Real-Time qPCR and a reduction of FAAH expression was actually found in 3T3-L1 cells. Taken together, our data suggest that plasticizers present in everyday products may exert an ¿obesogenic¿ effect on the pre-adipocytes 3T3-L1 cells, thus highlighting the importance of monitoring food and environmental contaminants to preserve human health.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14240/117092