Il difetto di luce (LST) è un’alterazione che si può manifestare nei vini bianchi e rosé imbottigliati in bottiglie di vetro chiaro, in seguito alla degradazione foto-indotta della riboflavina (RF). La metionina (Met) ossidata reagendo con la RF origina composti solforati sgradevoli, come metantiolo e dimetildisolfuro. Le strategie di prevenzione consistono nell’utilizzo di bottiglie di colore ambrato, rimozione della RF dal vino tramite coadiuvanti enologici e impiego di lieviti basso-produttori di RF e Met. Si è proposto l’utilizzo di tannini nella prevenzione del LST nel vino. Gli scopi della tesi sono stati (i) l’indagine dell’effetto dell’affinamento sulle fecce di lievito dei vini spumanti (metodo champenoise) sul rilascio di RF e sulla formazione di LST (prove di spumantizzazione), e (ii) la valutazione dell’efficacia dei tannini come strumento di prevenzione di LST (prove di imbottigliamento). Per le prove di spumantizzazione, sono stati considerati 6 vini spumanti bianchi e 3 rosé prodotti nella vendemmia 2020. È stato monitorato il rilascio di RF eseguendo dei campionamenti fino a 18 mesi di affinamento sulle fecce. Durante l’affinamento sulle fecce, è stata osservata un’iniziale diminuzione di RF, in tutti i vini base. Dopo 6 mesi di affinamento, la concentrazione di RF è aumentata di circa 20-25%, probabilmente a causa della lisi cellulare, e rimane stabile durante l’affinamento. Il lievito usato per la presa di spuma non ha impatto sul rilascio di RF, mentre gioca un impatto il vino base. Le analisi sensoriali svolte per le prove di spumantizzazione evidenziano che l’affinamento sulle fecce di lievito non ha effetto preventivo verso la percezione del LST. Per le prove di imbottigliamento, sono stati considerati 6 vini bianchi (4 fermi e 2 spumanti) e 2 vini rosé (1 fermo e 1 spumante) addizionati di tannino di tara, tè e vinacciolo (50 mg/L). I vini sono stati esposti alla luce dopo l’imbottigliamento, 4, 9, e 12 mesi di conservazione. Sono stati monitorati le concentrazioni di RF, flavonoidi totali (FLVs) e gli indici di colore (420 o 520 nm e CieL*a*b). I vini considerati avevano una concentrazione di RF compresa tra 50 e 130 µg/L che risulta stabile durante la conservazione al buio. Il contenuto di FLVs è aumentato nei vini addizionati di tannino di tara e conservati al buio. Si è osservato un incremento dell’intensità di colore nei vini conservati al buio in presenza dei tannini, che è stato trascurabile. Per i vini esposti alla luce, la foto-degradazione di RF è stata maggiore nei vini rosè di circa il 70-90%. La foto-degradazione di RF è costante fino ai 12 mesi dall’imbottigliamento. La luce non influenza il contenuto di FLVs indipendentemente dal vino e dal tempo di conservazione. I vini mostrano differenti suscettibilità alla formazione del LST dal punto di vista olfattivo. I tannini limitano la perdita di note floreali e fruttate agendo da foto-protettori; il tannino di tè è stato il più efficace e può essere utilizzato sia nei vini spumanti che in quelli fermi. Lo studio proposto si è potuto valutare il rilascio di RF, evidenziando l’incremento del suo contenuto nei vini durante l’affinamento con un impatto limitato del lievito usato per la seconda fermentazione. Sono stati forniti risultati promettenti sull’impiego di tannini come sistemi di prevenzione, evidenziando un effetto positivo da parte dei tannini di tè nel prevenire la comparsa del LST in condizioni di cantina.
The defect of light (LST) is an alteration that can occur in white and rosé wines bottled in clear glass bottles, following the photo-induced degradation of riboflavin (RF). Methionine (Met) oxidized by reacting with RF gives rise to unsightly sulfur compounds, such as metantiol and dimethyldiisolfurum. Prevention strategies consist in the use of amber-coloured bottles, removal of RF from the wine through oenological adjuvants and use of low-producing yeasts of RF and Met. The use of tannins in the prevention of LST in wine has been proposed. The aim of the thesis was (i) to investigate the effect of aging on the yeast lees of sparkling wines (champenoise method) on the release of RF and the formation of LST (sparkling wine tests), and (ii) the evaluation of the effectiveness of tannins as a means of preventing LST (bottling tests). For the testing of sparkling wines, 6 white sparkling wines and 3 rosé wines produced in the 2020 harvest were considered. The release of RF was monitored by sampling up to 18 months of refinement on the lees. During the aging on the lees, an initial decrease of RF was observed, in all base wines. After 6 months of refinement, the RF concentration increased by about 20-25%, probably due to cell lysis, and remains stable during refinement. The yeast used for foaming has no impact on RF release, while the base wine plays an impact. The sensorial analyses carried out for the tests of sparkling fermentation show that the aging on the yeast lees has no preventive effect towards the perception of LST. For the bottling tests, 6 white wines (4 still and 2 sparkling wines) and 2 rosé wines (1 still and 1 sparkling wine) with tare tannin, tea and grape seed added (50 mg/L) were considered. The wines were exposed to light after bottling, 4, 9, and 12 months of storage. The concentrations of RF, total flavonoids (FLVs) and colour indices (420 or 520 nm and ciel*a*b) were monitored. The wines considered had a concentration of RF between 50 and 130 µg/L that is stable during storage in the dark. The content of FLVs is increased in wines with added tare tannin and stored in the dark. It was observed an increase in the intensity of color in wines kept in the dark in the presence of tannins, which was negligible. For wines exposed to light, photo-degradation of RF was higher in rosé wines by about 70-90%. The photo-degradation of RF is constant up to 12 months after bottling. Light does not affect the content of FLVs regardless of wine and storage time. Wines show different susceptibility to the formation of LST from the olfactory point of view. Tannins limit the loss of floral and fruity notes acting as photo-protectors; Tea tannin was the most effective and can be used in both sparkling and still wines. The proposed study was able to evaluate the release of RF, highlighting the increase in its content in wines during aging with a limited impact of the yeast used for the second fermentation. Promising results were provided on the use of tannins as prevention systems, highlighting a positive effect by tea tannins in preventing the appearance of LST in cellar conditions.
Il difetto di luce nei vini: valutazione della suscettibilità e delle strategie di prevenzione
ALLIERI, DENIS
2022/2023
Abstract
The defect of light (LST) is an alteration that can occur in white and rosé wines bottled in clear glass bottles, following the photo-induced degradation of riboflavin (RF). Methionine (Met) oxidized by reacting with RF gives rise to unsightly sulfur compounds, such as metantiol and dimethyldiisolfurum. Prevention strategies consist in the use of amber-coloured bottles, removal of RF from the wine through oenological adjuvants and use of low-producing yeasts of RF and Met. The use of tannins in the prevention of LST in wine has been proposed. The aim of the thesis was (i) to investigate the effect of aging on the yeast lees of sparkling wines (champenoise method) on the release of RF and the formation of LST (sparkling wine tests), and (ii) the evaluation of the effectiveness of tannins as a means of preventing LST (bottling tests). For the testing of sparkling wines, 6 white sparkling wines and 3 rosé wines produced in the 2020 harvest were considered. The release of RF was monitored by sampling up to 18 months of refinement on the lees. During the aging on the lees, an initial decrease of RF was observed, in all base wines. After 6 months of refinement, the RF concentration increased by about 20-25%, probably due to cell lysis, and remains stable during refinement. The yeast used for foaming has no impact on RF release, while the base wine plays an impact. The sensorial analyses carried out for the tests of sparkling fermentation show that the aging on the yeast lees has no preventive effect towards the perception of LST. For the bottling tests, 6 white wines (4 still and 2 sparkling wines) and 2 rosé wines (1 still and 1 sparkling wine) with tare tannin, tea and grape seed added (50 mg/L) were considered. The wines were exposed to light after bottling, 4, 9, and 12 months of storage. The concentrations of RF, total flavonoids (FLVs) and colour indices (420 or 520 nm and ciel*a*b) were monitored. The wines considered had a concentration of RF between 50 and 130 µg/L that is stable during storage in the dark. The content of FLVs is increased in wines with added tare tannin and stored in the dark. It was observed an increase in the intensity of color in wines kept in the dark in the presence of tannins, which was negligible. For wines exposed to light, photo-degradation of RF was higher in rosé wines by about 70-90%. The photo-degradation of RF is constant up to 12 months after bottling. Light does not affect the content of FLVs regardless of wine and storage time. Wines show different susceptibility to the formation of LST from the olfactory point of view. Tannins limit the loss of floral and fruity notes acting as photo-protectors; Tea tannin was the most effective and can be used in both sparkling and still wines. The proposed study was able to evaluate the release of RF, highlighting the increase in its content in wines during aging with a limited impact of the yeast used for the second fermentation. Promising results were provided on the use of tannins as prevention systems, highlighting a positive effect by tea tannins in preventing the appearance of LST in cellar conditions.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14240/107357