Bridging Urban Divides: Assessing Smart City Developments in Hangzhou, China, in comparison with European Urban Context

This thesis explores the concept of smart cities as a response to the challenges posed by global population growth, urbanization, and sustainability concerns. It delves into how technological advancements are harnessed to create urban environments that are more efficient, sustainable, and livable. With a focus on China, and Hangzhou in particular, the study examines how these cities have become pioneers in smart urban development, leveraging information and communication technologies to optimize urban systems and enhance the quality of life for their citizens. The research compares the smart city initiatives of Hangzhou with those of Rome and Amsterdam, cities with distinct historical contexts and smart city approaches. The comparison aims to assess the transformation these cities have undergone over the past two decades, highlighting the disparities in implementation, objectives, and efficacy of their smart city models. The study seeks to understand the factors that contribute to a successful smart city and explores the adaptability of Hangzhou's strategies within the cultural and regulatory landscapes of Europe. The thesis is structured into chapters that cover a comprehensive literature review on smart cities, a detailed case study of Hangzhou, and comparative case studies of Rome and Amsterdam. It examines various parameters such as population dynamics, economic health, infrastructure, technology, sustainability, and social services to offer insights into the functioning of different smart city models. The central research question investigates the strategies and outcomes of Hangzhou's smart city initiatives in comparison with those in Rome and Amsterdam, aiming to derive lessons that can inform future smart city developments to effectively tackle urbanization challenges. This study contributes to the discourse on smart cities by providing a nuanced understanding of their evolution, the role of technology in urban development, and the importance of adapting strategies to local contexts. It highlights the need for a human-centric approach in smart city planning, emphasizing public value and citizen well-being. Through its comparative analysis, the thesis aims to outline pathways towards innovative, inclusive, and sustainable urban development, drawing on the experiences of Hangzhou and European cities.