La valutazione della qualità nutrizionale dei grassi alimentari include quale elemento fondamentale l’analisi della frazione trigliceridica, e più nello specifico degli acidi grassi costitutivi i trigliceridi. Negli alimenti gli acidi grassi nativi o modificati per effetto delle reazioni di auto-ossidazione e degradazione enzimatica, rappresentano una fonte nutrizionalmente essenziale (acidi linoleico e linolenico) ovvero una firma diagnostica dell’origine del grasso (vegetale o animale) e della sua qualità. Per una profilazione accurata della componente acidica è richiesta una separazione ad alta risoluzione degli acidi grassi ottenibile mediante gascromatografia mono o bidimensionale. Per poter analizzare in cromatografia gassosa gli acidi grassi è però necessario convertirli nella forma di esteri metilici volatili e semi-volatili (Fatty Acids Methyl Esters – FAMEs). Altresì è necessaria, a monte, una estrazione del grasso dall’alimento senza che questa abbia un impatto sul profilo acidico. L’obiettivo di questo progetto di tesi è stato quello di ottimizzare una procedura di estrazione e derivatizzazione assistita da microonde MAED – Microwave Assisted Extraction and Derivatization (1) al fine caratterizzare il profilo quali-quantitativo degli acidi grassi contenuti in una selezione di alimenti appartenenti a due regimi dietetici differenti: dieta Mediterranea bilanciata e dieta Western onnivora oppure vegana. I FAMEs ottenuti mediante estrazione/derivatizzazione sono stati analizzati mediante gascromatografia bidimensionale di tipo “comprehensive” (GC×GC) accoppiata al rivelamento a ionizzazione di fiamma (FID) e spettrometria di massa (MS) per identificare e quantificare i singoli componenti. La scelta della metodologia è ricaduta sulla tecnica GC×GC dato il suo maggiore potere separativo rispetto alla gascromatografia monodimensionale e ad un razionale di ritenzione selettiva dei composti (isomeri strutturali e geometrici) che ne facilita l’identificazione. A valle dell’analisi chimica, il profilo acidico % è stato confrontato con il profilo teorico/atteso ricavabile dalla dichiarazione nutrizionale. I profili sperimentali degli alimenti analizzati hanno mostrato uno scostamento, con valori percentuali ricompresi tra il -80% ed un + 150%, rispetto al valore dichiarato oppure stimabile dalle informazioni in etichetta. Tra gli alimenti con scostamenti più significativi, di rilevanza i prodotti processati e le alternative “plant-based” alla carne animale.
The evaluation of the nutritional quality of dietary fats includes as a fundamental element the analysis of the triglyceride fraction, and more specifically of the constituent fatty acids, the triglycerides. In foods, native fatty acids or those modified as a result of auto-oxidation and enzymatic degradation reactions represent a nutritionally essential source (linoleic and linolenic acids) or a diagnostic signature of the origin of the fat (vegetable or animal) and its quality. For accurate profiling of the acidic component, a high-resolution separation of fatty acids is required, which can be achieved by one- or two-dimensional gas chromatography. However, in order to analyze fatty acids in gas chromatography it is necessary to convert them into the form of volatile and semi-volatile methyl esters (Fatty Acids Methyl Esters – FAMEs). It is also necessary, upstream, to extract the fat from the food without having an impact on the acid profile. The objective of this thesis project was to optimize a microwave-assisted extraction and derivatization procedure MAED - Microwave Assisted Extraction and Derivatization (1) in order to characterize the qualitative-quantitative profile of the fatty acids contained in a selection of foods belonging to two different dietary regimes: balanced Mediterranean diet and omnivorous or vegan Western diet. The FAMEs obtained by extraction/derivatization were analyzed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) coupled to flame ionization detection (FID) and mass spectrometry (MS) to identify and quantify the individual components. The choice of methodology fell on the GC×GC technique given its greater separation power compared to one-dimensional gas chromatography and a rationale for selective retention of compounds (structural and geometric isomers) which facilitates their identification. Following the chemical analysis, the % acid profile was compared with the theoretical/expected profile obtainable from the nutritional declaration. The experimental profiles of the foods analyzed showed a deviation, with percentage values ranging between -80% and +150%, compared to the declared value or estimable from the information on the label. Among the foods with the most significant deviations, processed products and "plant-based" alternatives to animal meat are of particular importance.
Qualità dei grassi alimentari attraverso l'uso di estrazione e derivatizzazione assistita da microonde seguita da gas cromatografia bidimensionale
BOTTA, GIORGIA
2022/2023
Abstract
The evaluation of the nutritional quality of dietary fats includes as a fundamental element the analysis of the triglyceride fraction, and more specifically of the constituent fatty acids, the triglycerides. In foods, native fatty acids or those modified as a result of auto-oxidation and enzymatic degradation reactions represent a nutritionally essential source (linoleic and linolenic acids) or a diagnostic signature of the origin of the fat (vegetable or animal) and its quality. For accurate profiling of the acidic component, a high-resolution separation of fatty acids is required, which can be achieved by one- or two-dimensional gas chromatography. However, in order to analyze fatty acids in gas chromatography it is necessary to convert them into the form of volatile and semi-volatile methyl esters (Fatty Acids Methyl Esters – FAMEs). It is also necessary, upstream, to extract the fat from the food without having an impact on the acid profile. The objective of this thesis project was to optimize a microwave-assisted extraction and derivatization procedure MAED - Microwave Assisted Extraction and Derivatization (1) in order to characterize the qualitative-quantitative profile of the fatty acids contained in a selection of foods belonging to two different dietary regimes: balanced Mediterranean diet and omnivorous or vegan Western diet. The FAMEs obtained by extraction/derivatization were analyzed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) coupled to flame ionization detection (FID) and mass spectrometry (MS) to identify and quantify the individual components. The choice of methodology fell on the GC×GC technique given its greater separation power compared to one-dimensional gas chromatography and a rationale for selective retention of compounds (structural and geometric isomers) which facilitates their identification. Following the chemical analysis, the % acid profile was compared with the theoretical/expected profile obtainable from the nutritional declaration. The experimental profiles of the foods analyzed showed a deviation, with percentage values ranging between -80% and +150%, compared to the declared value or estimable from the information on the label. Among the foods with the most significant deviations, processed products and "plant-based" alternatives to animal meat are of particular importance.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14240/105213